tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36077945270657227222009-02-20T21:59:31.054-08:00kimgohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00346752144300080841noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3607794527065722722.post-4106541181628648052007-10-03T17:47:00.000-07:002007-10-03T17:48:29.084-07:00Book Questions:<br />What were the most critical factors enabling the Americans to win the War of Independence with Britain?<br />What changes did the Revolution promote in relationships among Americans of different classes, races, and genders?<br />In what ways did the first state constitutions and the Articles of Confederation reflect older pre-Revolutionary ideas about political power and authority? In What ways did they depart from older ideas?<br /><br />The Prospects of War<br />Continental Army led by George Washington<br /><br />Loyalists and Other British Sympathizers<br />Most colonists hoped that independence from British wouldn’t be necessary – opposition to rebellion<br />Enemies of Revolution = loyalists; Tories<br />Supporters of Revolution = Whigs<br />Loyalists<br />Opposed Parliament’s claim to taxing colonies<br />Disagreed with patriots’ insistence that only independence could preserve colonists’ constitutional rights<br />Denounced separation as an illegal act that will lead to unnecessary war<br />Retained profound reverence for crown<br />Each side saw their own cause as sacred that opposition was seen as betrayal<br />Important factors in determining loyalist strength<br />1) Degree to which local Whigs exerted political authority and successfully convinced neighbors that king and Parliament threatened liberty<br />New England town leaders, Virginia gentry, and rice planters of South Carolina pursued program of political education and popular mobilization<br />Explained issues at meetings<br />Elites persuaded majority to favor resistance<br />Loyalist population decreased<br />Communities remained divided when fighting began<br />2) Geographic distribution of recent British immigrants, who remained closely connected with homeland<br />After war, foreign-born loyalist population increased<br />Quebec Act of 1774 (after British conquered New France)<br />Guaranteed Canadians religious freedom and continued partial use of French civil law<br />Continental forces invaded Quebec – found widespread support among French and English Canadians<br />Canadians wanted American victory<br />North Americans supported British cause because they thought that independent American would pose greater threat to their own liberty and independence<br />British got support from British nonwhites<br />African Americans<br />Considered own liberation from slavery a higher priority<br />Some slaves escaped and joined Royal Army<br />Escaped to British protection<br />Most African-Americans in northern colonies believed supporting revolution would hasten own liberation<br />NAs<br />Most supported British<br />Recognized danger to homelands by expansion of Anglo-Americans<br />Six Nations Iroquois and Creek confederacies were divided (were unified until French defeat)<br />Creeks’ allegiances leaned toward colonists’ cause<br />Six Nations – unity died out à supported Britain<br /><br />The Opposing Sides<br />Britain had two major advantages in war<br />1) 11 million inhabitants of British Isles outnumbered 2.5 million colonists, a fraction of whom were slaves or loyalists<br />2) Britain possessed world’s largest navy and one of best professional armies<br />Royal military establishment grew during war<br />Needed more manpower so hired others (Germans, loyalists, etc.)<br />Problems in Britain<br />Colonists were able to mobilize manpower as well<br />Americans served short terms<br />France and Spain helped in war’s later stages<br />Britain’s ability to crush rebellion was weakened by decline in navy – budget cuts<br />Many ships needed major repairs<br />Marine also suffered due to American raids<br />Hurt effort to supply British troops in America<br />Navy didn’t really accomplish much<br />British leaders faced problems maintaining people’s support<br />War added onto national debt – increased taxes<br />Problems in American colonies<br />Military challenge – lacked training to fight battles against professional armies<br />Could not rely entirely on guerrilla tactics<br />Avoided major battles<br />Allowed British to occupy all major population centers<br />Reliance on guerrilla tactics à evidence that Americans couldn’t fight British army à couldn’t get foreign loans, diplomatic recognition, and military allies<br />Continental Congress had to fight European style<br />Mass formations<br />Rapid maneuvers to crush undefended enemies<br />Close-range battle skill<br />Discipline, training, nerve<br />Britain had well-trained army with discipline and bravery under fire<br />Continental Army didn’t have much experience<br />Americans suffered succession of defeats<br />But only had to prolong rebellion until British taxpayers lost patience with struggle<br /><br />George Washington<br />Spoke with authority and dignity<br />Powerfully built, athletic, hardened by outdoor life<br />His presence inspired troops to heroism<br />Took command of Virginia regiment raised to resist French claims<br />Discovered dangers of overconfidence and need for determination in face of defeat<br />Resigned commission and became tobacco planter<br />Sat in Virginia House of Burgesses – influence grew there because others respected him and sought his opinion<br />Sat in Continental Congress<br /><br />War and Peace, 1776-1783<br />American forces won over British<br />Gain control of trans-Appalachian West<br />War was decided in South when American and French forces won victory at Yorktown, Virginia in 1781<br /><br />Revolutionary War<br />Civil war and international war<br />Civil<br />3 divisions<br />Loyalists<br />Patriots<br />People who were undecided<br />Indifferent<br />Merit to both sides<br />Not informed<br />Opportunism- something to gain on both sides<br />Go with whoever will win<br />Some people don’t know, some people hugely dedicated to one side or another<br />40 + % patriots<br />20% loyalists<br />30-40% undecided<br />Why aren’t colonies losing<br />Home field advantage<br />Going against trained British army<br />Aren’t very good<br />Colonial organization doesn’t exist<br />Small continental army<br />People can go home whenever they want<br />Greater commitment on American side<br />British army- fighting to get home<br />Militias have more to lose than the British<br />Military strategy<br />British trying to tame a foreign insurgency<br />Britain having trouble maintaining lengthy struggle<br />After a certain point guerilla warfare doesn’t work<br />Important Battles<br />Battle of Sartoga<br />Gives revolutionaries control of the Hudson<br />French join on American side<br />Saratoga convinces them that they can win the war<br />See that America can win<br />Winable proposition<br />Hate British and want back land that Britain took from them<br />Lower Canada<br />French have recognized America as a real country<br />Spain joins in as an ally of France; Netherlands; try to get Russia too<br />Armed neutrality= not fighting but ready to come to the defense of an american, for example, if needed<br />Diplomats are getting sent to other countries to try and get allies<br />John Quincy Adams was secretary to the ambassador to Russia<br />After Saratoga, British public opinion is that America should be let go<br />Wilkes, Burkeà people had been advocating American independence for a while<br />Battle of Yorktown<br />Cornwallis surrenders<br />Both are surrenders of a major British force<br />When surrender, troops are taken prisoners or disarmed<br />Both were unexpected<br />American strategy got lucky<br />Washington wanted to change from fronteir fighting to European style battles<br />Convinced that guerilla war won’t work<br />At Saratoga, elements of European strategy come through and they win<br />Won by Horatio Gates<br />At Yorktown, European strategy + French allies give them a win<br />Americans win because British actually fighting don’t care<br />Only people who care are in cabinet<br />More people die on 9/11 than on the American side of the Revolution<br />George Washington answers to Continental Congress<br />Some people wanted to make him king<br />He resigns after 1783 to prevent this<br /><br />Shifting Fortunes in the North, 1776-1778<br />Henry Knox brought artillery to Boston to help American effort there, led by George Washington à made British evacuate Boston and onto New York<br />Washington only had a couple thousand poorly-trained troops there while General William How and Admiral Richard Lord Howe led battalions of royal troops<br />Howe’s men defeated large portion of Washington’s troops and made survivors retreat to Pennsylvania<br />Washington led troops back into New Jersey and attacked stationed troops in Trenton – captured many, lost VERY few<br />Then attacked British at Princeton and killed/took captive a fraction of them – very few casualties<br />Princeton and Trenton consequences:<br />When defeat seemed inevitable, boosted civilian and military morale<br />Divided loyalists and British army<br />Forced British to remove all New Jersey garrisons to New York<br />Many loyalists swore allegiance to Continental Army<br />Marquis de Lafayette (French) joined Washington’s staff<br />Highly idealistic, brave, optimistic<br />His presence indicated that Louis XVI (king) might recognize American independence and declare war on Britain<br />Louis wanted proof that Americans could win<br />British planned two-pronged assault in New York to isolate New England<br />Force (including NAs) invaded New York from Montreal<br />General John Burgoyne simultaneously leads British force from Quebec through New York – was defeated at St. Leger<br />Recaptured Fort Ticonderoga<br />Ran short of supplies while General Horatio Gates (American) gathered troops for an attack à inflicted damage on Burgoyne<br />Battle at Saratoga à Burgoyne surrendered – surrounded<br />War’s turning point<br />Victory convinced France that Americans could win the war<br />France formally recognized U.S.<br />Went to war with Britain<br />Spain later declared war on Britain as ally of France, not of U.S.<br />Dutch Republic joined later as well<br />Britain had no allies<br />Howe landed troops near Philadelphia<br />American troops soon occupied the city<br />Burgoyne vs. Washington / Lafayette<br />Continental units crumbled under British<br />Congress fled Philadelphia – allowed Howe to occupy city<br />Howe defeated Washington<br />Continentals hid in Valley Forge – supplies running low<br />Army slowly regained strength but not training<br />Couldn’t mobilize quickly in organized units; couldn’t use bayonets efficiently enough<br />Continental Army got boost – German soldier Friedrich von Steuben arrived at Valley Forge<br />Talent for motivating men<br />Possessed administrative genius<br />Battle of Monmouth<br />General Henry Clinton (British commander-in-chief) evacuated Philadelphia and marched to New York<br />Continental Army caught up with Clinton in New Jersey<br />Clinton’s army slipped away<br />Ended contest for North<br />Clinton occupied New York – Royal Navy made safe from attack<br />Washington kept army nearby<br />Whig militia hunted down few Tory guerrillas and destroyed loyalism<br /><br />The War in the West, 1776-1782<br />War fought west of the appalachian mountains has smaller intense battles<br />Long lasting hate between expansionist settlers and Native Americans<br />War is kind of a continuation of deep-seated tensions<br />Fighting begins when Cherokees attack whites in southern colonies<br />Colonies suffer heavy losses<br />Regain strengthà retaliate<br />Burn most cherokee towns<br />Treaties make w/ Cherokees<br />Cherokees have to give most of their land to North/South Carolina and Tennessee<br />In Northwest there is fighting<br />Indecisive battles between Ohio Indians and Americans<br />Battles<br />Colonel George Rogers Clark<br />Captures French community of Vincennes on Wabash river<br />British can’t offer assistance to Indian allies<br />John Bowman destroys most Shawnee villages<br />Danial Brodhead damages Delawares and Seneca Iroquois<br />Joseph Brant is pro-British Iroquois<br />Devastates Pennsylvania and NY fronteirs<br />John Sullivan retaliates<br />In one battle he kills a lot of Brant’s warriors<br />Burns 24 villages<br />Destroys a million bushels of corn<br />Many indians flee w/o food to canadaà starvation<br />Brant attacks New York<br />But, Sullivan’s campaign had inflicted too much damage<br />Harsh wintersà many die<br />Fighting in west continues until 1782<br /><br />American Victory in the South, 1778-1781<br />Britain now has to fight an international war<br />Spain and France have joined<br />If colonies can hold out long enough, British supplies and manpower will snap<br />Spain forces Britain out of West Floridaà Britain can’t take Mississippi Valley<br />Britain has to send troops back home to protect from French invasion<br />Less to fight in America<br />Combined French and Spanish navies= size of British navy<br />Several large battles<br />Deny Britain control of sea<br />Break Royal Navy’s blockade<br />Britain plans to invade south<br />If have south ports, can move between West Indies and south easily<br />Want to tap into loyalist support in the south<br />Just push up one colony at a time after that<br />General Henry Clinton in charge of British troops in south<br />British take Georgia and Charles Town after 2 year delay<br />Find fewer loyalists<br />During Cherokee attacks, loyalists joined rebel militia to defend homes<br />Slaves had fleed to British troops or to British Florida<br />Plantation owners angry<br />Think rejection of their authority will lead to slave uprisings<br />Even though they try to return the slaves, Britain doesn’t get as much support<br />Remaining loyalists and patriots retaliate against each other<br />Horatio Gates takes control of American forces in south<br />Small force<br />Defeated at Camden, South Carolina by Lord Charles Cornwallis<br />Worst rebel defeat of the war<br />Gates replaced by Nathanail Greene<br />Fights 3 major battles against Cornwallis—loses all<br />But, gives Whig militia protection, sapps Cornwallis’ strength w/ more than anticipated losses, stretches British supply lines until some snap<br />Cornwallis forced to leave Carolina and move to Virginia<br />Clinton wants Cornwallis to come back to fight in south<br />Cornwallis has other plans—sets up base at Yorktown, Virginia<br />French drop anchor off Virginia coast<br />Lafayette and some Continentals join French<br />Washington moves men south from NYà trap Corwallis<br />British greatly outnumbered<br />3 weeks of fighting before Cornwallis surrenders<br /><br />Peace at Last, 1718-1783<br />Treaty of Paris in 1783<br />Transfers of territory<br />Loyalists have lost property<br />Slaves have been liberated—set free, stay free<br />State governments had confiscated estates<br />If loyalists not compensated, British refuse to leave certain forts in west<br />French want lots of landà don’t get it<br />Didn’t show up for the negotiations<br />Angry that americans and british had been doing secret land negotiations<br />Independence recognized<br />Cornwallis’s surrender drained will of England’s people to fight – forced government for peace negotiations à Peace of Paris<br />Main diplomats: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay<br />Agreements<br />Britain recognized African independence<br />Evacuated all royal troops from America<br />Gave Confederation lands east of Mississippi<br />America goes from St. Lawrence river to Florida<br />Procalmation of 1763 doesn’t apply anymore<br />Americans control Northwest (Clark’s victories)<br />Spain and Britain avoided Southwest<br />Gave American fishing rights off of Grand Banks of Canada<br />There were still unresolved issues (i.e. boundaries, etc.)<br />Future disputes<br />Between Britain and America – wouldn’t keep their word on some issues<br />Between British and Spain<br />NAs were left out of treaty – they fought too<br />Left them to deal with Confederation on their own<br />Didn’t respect American claims over their territory<br />No one for Native Americans to look to for protection<br />Displacement of Indian tribes<br />War à heavy death toll; drove many into exile; many fled<br />War didn’t settle two issues:<br />What kind of society American was to become<br />What sort of government the new nation would possess<br /><br />The Revolution and Social Change<br />New Country<br />New neighbors—Spain in Florida, Britain in Canada<br />Huge amounts of land<br />Pay off loyalist compensation<br /><br />Social tensions revealed during 1765-1775 were magnified by<br />Principles from Declaration of Independence<br />Dislocations caused by war<br />Many changes in race, gender, and class relationships<br /><br />Egalitarianism Among White Males<br />Social relations between elites and common pepole change<br />Before, wealthy lived expensive lifestyles to flaunt their wealth<br />In 1760’s they start dressing like common people to win political approval by boycotting of British goods<br />Militiamen don’t wear wealthy officers uniformsà wear inexpensive ones that everyone can afford<br />Anti-British movement convinces people to appear equal to commonpeople<br />During war, people have to serve in the army together<br />Wealthy have to serve as privates under common people<br />Officers show respect to their soldiers<br />Don’t degrade them<br />Especially the wealthy in low positions wouldn’t do orders if ordered around negatively<br />Officers go out of their way to show troops that they feel they are equal<br />When soldiers return from war, they still expect this kind of equal treatment from the upper classà democratizing of America’s political assumptions<br />Common people move up in rank above wealthy<br />Based on merit, not wealth<br />Common people given responsibilities they wouldn’t have ordinarily had<br />Find that merit not connoected to wealth<br />Some people don’t like this equalitiy<br />Thought that each class had particular virtues<br />Lower class was supposed to defer to the educated and wealthy upper class to do what was necessary in government<br />Natural Aristocracy<br />Those who demonstrated fitness for government service by personal accomplishments<br />Some self-made people could make their way into the natural aristocracy<br />Wealthy still elected to office, but not if they flaunt their money<br />Distribution of wealth in the colonies still unchanged though<br /><br />A Revolution for Black Americans<br />Fight for slaves liberty parallels America’s fight for independence<br />Free blacks<br />Can’t vote<br />Curfews<br />Lack guarantees of social justice<br />During war some slaves run off and pose as free blacks<br />Many join the army<br />w/ master’s concession<br />as free men<br />before there were bans on blacks in the military but they collaped in late 1770s<br />Army needed people<br />Not a reflection on their ideas of black equality<br />Slavery considered part of natural order<br />Opposition to slavery increases<br />Begins in yearly meeting of New England Quakers in 1770<br />Quakers begin freeing their slaves<br />Independence’s assertion of natural rightsà more people oppose slavery<br />New England begins to ban slavery<br />NH only one not to but slaves are freed by masters anyway<br />Take steps to weaken slavery over time<br />Children born after a certain date wouldn’t be slaves<br />May still have to work for master for years w/o pay<br />Decisive action not pressed in the south<br />w/o slaves they have no workforce<br />Confederation might go bankrupt<br />South would secede<br />In the South some people are also troubled by slavery<br />All states except South Carolina and Georgia end slave imports<br />All but North Carolina pass laws making it easier for slaves to be set free (called manumit)<br />Free blacks still face trouble<br />Most purchased their freedom w/ savingsà don’t have much money<br />Past physical prime<br />Hard to find work or equal pay<br />Remain poor laborers, domestic servants, and tenant farmers<br />Some gain recognition<br />Benjamin Banneker of Maryland<br />Phillis Wheatley<br />Most states grant more rights to free blacks during and after Revolution<br />If meet property qualificationsà can vote<br />Stop enforcing curfews and laws restricting freedom of movemetn<br />Guarantee free blacks equal treatment in court hearings (in law)<br /><br />White Women in Wartime<br /><br />Native Americans and the Revolution<br /><br />Articles of Confederation<br />First drafted during Yorktown<br />Needed a body to act as government and sign the treaty of paris<br />Drafting not that different from Second Continental Congress<br />Instead of being called Continental Congress, it’s just the Congress<br />Before, there were many different governments together acting as one<br />Is that a nation or not?<br />Many different currencies<br />Concensus about political ideals<br />No united economic policy<br />Each colony can make a tarriff if they want<br />Congress is running things<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3607794527065722722-410654118162864805?l=apushhistorynotes.blogspot.com'/></div>kimgohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00346752144300080841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3607794527065722722.post-58716390351146990512007-10-03T17:46:00.000-07:002007-10-03T17:47:46.874-07:00Chapter Questions:<br /> Boyer, pp. 109-114, 125-127. What overall effect did Britain's global commercial wars have on the development of the British American colonies? How was the French and Indian War especially significant?<br /> Boyer, pp. 128-139. How did imperial reorganization and British colonial policy cause colonial resistance? What was the nature of the resistance?<br /> Boyer, pp. 139-149. Why did resistance to British control intensify? <br /> Boyer, pp. 149-155, 159-164, A1-A2 (appendix-The Declaration of Independence). To what extent was the United States a unified country in 1776? What were the justifications used for separation in 1776? DBQ Due.<br /><br />Book Questions:<br />How and why did their joint triumph in the Seven Years’ War lead to a rupture between Britain and the American Colonies?<br />Why did differences between British officials and colonists over revenue-raising measures lead to a more fundamental conflict over political authority within the colonies?<br />How did the imperial crisis lead non-elite colonists to become politically active?<br />What were the major factors leading most colonists to abandon their loyalty to Britain and instead choose national independence?<br /><br />French Indian War<br />Colonies linked together like Britain wanted<br />Concerns: raw materials, trade routes/ports, buffering against other territories<br />Population in colonies booming<br />Need a place to go<br />Want to go west<br />French there<br />French don’t want English movement into Ohio<br />Britain and France conflict over who owns the land<br />Benjamin Franklin sees war coming<br />He and Thomas Hutchinson propose Albany Plan of Union<br />Would benefit the British empire and colonies<br />English interest= Colony interest<br />Would allow them to collectively pool money<br />Washington convinces governor to let him go out to Ohio to get land<br />Embarrassedà sent back failed<br />General Braddock goes outà gets killed<br />Believed in fighting in European style<br />You have to fight differently in America<br />French Indian War is an extension of Seven Years’ War<br />Could be called a world war<br />Need a strategy to fight in many different places<br />British Prime minister= William Pitt<br />William Pitt gets success<br />Lets the colonists do the fighting<br />Better at fighting Indians than Europeans<br />British government promises to pay back colonial military expenses<br />British navy mobilizes the troops but British don’t do very much besides<br />Colonists are supposed to keep French from coming over the Appalachians<br />British make a strike at Quebec<br />British win<br />Treaty of Paris<br />French land given to Enland<br />Florida given to England<br />French only control louisiana<br />Spanish and French lands don’t have as many cities as Britain<br />Pitt is out of office 3 years before war ends (1763)<br />Change in monarch too year<br />George III<br />Choses new Prime minister<br />Nobody pays the colonies back for war<br />Start taxing colonies<br />Ignore pitt’s promises<br /><br />The Triumph of the British Empire, 1750-176<br />In King George’s war<br />Austria moves alliance to France<br />Britain joins with Prussia<br />Seven Years’ War ensues<br /><br />A Fragile Peace, 1750-1754<br />King George’s War didn’t establish a dominant power : France or Britain<br />Preparing for another war<br />Conflict most present in Ohio River Valley<br />Competed over by Virginai, Pennsylvania, France, the Six Nations Iroquois, and the Native Americans who actually lived there<br />To get rid of Virginia and Pennsylvania traders, French start making a chain of forts<br />Retaliation—colonies send 21 year old George Washington<br />Surveryor/speculator<br />Supposed to persuade or force French to leave<br />Fench drive him and his militiamen back home<br />Colonies try to get on Native American’s good side<br />Delegates from 7 colonies north of Virginia gather in Albany, New York<br />Give Iroquois lots of gifts to keep them temporarily neutral<br />Indians living in Ohio River Valley sided w/ French<br />Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson (Mass.) suggest Albany Plan of Union<br />Grand Council would represent all colonial assemblies<br />Work out problems in military defense and Indian affairs<br />Could demand funds from colonies<br />Doesn’t get made b/c colonies won’t give up power of taxation<br /><br />The Seven Years’ War in America<br />Incident w/ Washington causes virtual state of war<br />Britain sends General Edward Braddock with troops to seize Fort Duquesne at headwaters of the Ohio<br />He thought it would be easy<br />Attacked by French, Indians, and Canadians<br />Many die<br />Few casualties on French side<br />More attacks by French<br />Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo Indians attack encroaching settlers from maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania<br />Prevents them from joining British war against France<br />Other French and Native American attacks take Fort Oswego and Fort William Henryà now French threaten central NY and New England<br />Changes that lead to success<br />Iroquois feel France is getting too decisive an advantage<br />Agree at treaty conference at Easton, Pennsylvania to abandon support of French<br />Some even join British side<br />William Pitt takes control of military affairs in British empire<br />Reinvigorates colonies with British patriotism<br />Symbol of what Americans and British can accompish together<br />Pitt choses not to send additional troops to America<br />Tells colonist militias to mobilize<br />They won’t have to pay for the military burden, if they raise enough men<br />More colonists join army<br />Capture Fort Duquesne under General Jeffry Amherst and Louisbourg by 1758<br />Push French out of NY<br />Quebec falls to General James Wolfe<br />Fighting ends when Montreal surrenders in 1760<br /><br />The End of French North America, 1760-1763<br />After Montreal, fighting continues in Europe<br />France makes a final attempt to reclaim Newfoundland<br />Defeat inevitable<br />Treaty of Paris, 1763, ends war<br />France gives land east of Mississipi (except New orleans) to Britain<br />Britain gives Cuba back to Spain and Spain gives them Florida<br />Louisiana isn’t wanted by France or Britainà given to Spain in Treaty of San Ildefonso<br />Only French holdings are small fishing towns in Newfoundland and sugar islands in West Indies<br />Acadians<br />When Acadia taken by British and named Nova Scotia, Britain made citizens swear loyalty to Britain and not to bear arms for the French<br />Those who refuse are driven from homes<br />Deported to British colonies<br />Maryland and Pennsylvania<br />They face anti-French and anti-Catholic peopleà move to Louisiana<br />Known as Cajuns<br /><br />Imperial Revenues and Reorganization, 1760-1766<br />After victory, problems arise between colonies and Britain<br />Britain plans to finance its suddenly enlarged empire through revenue measures<br />These measures to be enforced directly rather than through local governments<br />Colnists don’t like it<br />Dangerous extension of parliament<br />Plans come w/ George III to the throne<br />Okay being a constitutional monarch but wants to have a lot of influence in government policy<br />Isn’t very good at it though<br />Makes frequent, abrupt changes in governmentà colonies unhappy<br />Colonies Protest<br />Elites—Address parliament through logic and by citing British constitution and charters<br />Middle class—organize street demonstrations<br />Poor—defy elites and British authorities w/ violence<br /><br />Friction Among Allies, 1760-1763<br />George III<br />· George I and II are from Germany<br />o Let the cabinet do all the government work for him<br />· He was English—wanted to run government his way<br />o Appoints Torie prime minister<br />o Eventually goes back to whigsà prime minister Grenvile is a whig who acts like a torie<br />· He gets rid of salutary neglect<br />o Enforces all the laws<br />o Wants to take control<br />§ Wants his cabinet to consult him, not the other way around<br />o Salutary neglect is a form of laissez-faire<br />§ Let it be—no rules<br />§ Like having rules but not enforcing them—virtually no rules<br />§ 1776- Adam Smith writes Wealth of the Nations<br />· Trade is under heavy regulation<br />· Revolution—a fundamental change<br />o In a sense George is attempting a revolution<br />o Fundamental change in the way the empire is run<br />· How does George III do it?<br />o Proclamation of 1763<br />§ They had just had a war in which Indians living in Ohio Valley sided w/ French<br />§ To keep good relations w/ Indians, George prevents colonial expansion across the Apalachian mountains<br />§ Wealthy elites who won’t let poor expand b/c of commitments to outside sources<br />· Like Bacon’s rebellion<br />o Writ of assistance<br />§ Getting around a search warrant<br />§ To catch smugglers<br />§ Way to enforce the Navigation Acts<br />o Sugar Act<br />§ Enforcement of the molasses act<br />§ If caught, you have to go to vice-admiralty courts in Nova Scotia<br />§ No representation by counsel, no jury, no innocent until proven guilty<br />o Soldiers in America<br />o Stamp Act<br />§ Sugar act only affects Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania<br />§ First internal tax<br />· Not on soemthing traded across countries, like sugar<br />· First time they are taxing things that stay inside the colonies<br />§ Playing cards, documents, wills, and newspapers have the stamp<br />§ Representatives of colonies have no say in these taxes<br />· People don’t know if these measures are going to stop after debt is paid<br />o Don’t want temporary things to become permanent<br />o Not thinking about breaking from Britain<br />· After war is over, problems surface<br />· Complaints during war<br />o British generals don’t like how colony soldiers would go home after serving their term or missing a paycheck<br />§ Soldiers don’t like how british generals treat them like slaves<br />o British don’t like colonial reluctance to provide food and shelter for British officers<br />§ Colonists don’t like officer’s arrogance<br />§ Quakers refuse to vote funds to support war<br />§ Assemblies in NY and Massaschusetts see quartering of soldiers as an encroachment on their English liberties<br />§ British authorities saw it as an affront to British efforts to defend the territories<br />· Financial problems<br />o Many British don’t like the colonies getting out of the war w/o paying anything<br />§ Colonies actually benefitted from war<br />· Military contracts<br />· British soldiers spend money in the colonies<br />· Some colonists keep trading w/ French West Indies during war—trading w/ enemy and violating Navigation acts<br />§ In meantime, Britain in debt<br />· British landowners have to pay land tax<br />· Duties imposed on many goods in Britain<br />o Colonists feel burdened too<br />§ When war was going on, people who profited spent money on British goods<br />· “consumer revolution”—colonies purchased goods fuel British economy<br />· When war ends, many people can’t afford to keep their lifestyle<br />o Go into debt<br />o Increasingly indebted to Britainà people accuse British of plotting to “enslave colonies”<br />o Treaty of Paris settlements give rise to new warsà Britain spends more money<br />· Indian conflicts<br />o Indians in Ohio and Great Lakes can’t play Britain and France off each other any more<br />§ Afraid they will be treated like subjects now<br />§ General Jeffrey Amherst decides to cut expenses by not distributing food, ammunition (for hunting), and gifts to Indians<br />§ Colonists moving in on Indian lands, harrasing them<br />o Neolin<br />§ Delaware religious prophet<br />§ Attracts intertribal following<br />§ Wants Indians to get rid of European culture, goods, and alliances<br />· Hoping French will come back so they can manipulate balance of power again<br />o Pontiac, Ottawa Indian<br />§ Makes anti-British movement--“Pontiac’s Rebellion”<br />· Take 8 British forts and beseiged some more at Pittsburgh and Detroit<br />§ food &amp; ammunition shortages + smallpoxà make peace w/ Britain<br />§ British John Stuart in south keeps these uprisings from reaching the south<br />o George III issues Proclamation of 1763<br />§ Direct control of land transactions, settlement, ttrade, and other activities of non-Indians west of Appalatian crest given to him<br />§ Recognizes Indian land claims in places west of “proclamation line”<br />§ Colonies see it as a hindrance to expansion<br />o Indian uprisings make Britain decide to leave 10,000 soldiers in colonies<br />§ Colonies had to share financial burden of supporting these troops<br />· Colonies didn’t see it as their responsibility<br />· Saw it as a “standing army” that, if French were gone, could only threaten their liberty<br />§ Saw army as hindering westward expansion and prosperity<br /><br />The Writs of Assistance, 1760-1761<br />During Seven Years’ War, british authorities had tried to keep people from smuggling in goods from French<br />Writs of Assistance passed by royal governor of Massachusets<br />Revenue officers can seize illegally imported goods<br />Doesn’t require probably cause—general search warrant<br />Threatens traditional respect for privacy of family recidencies b/c many people conduct business from home<br />Powerful weapon agaisnt smuggling<br />Boston= smuggling capital of colonies<br />Boston merchants employ James Otis to challenge constitutionality of Writ<br />In Massachusetts supreme court, Otis said that Writ went agaisnt constitution<br />Thomas Hutchinson, chief justice, pointed out that these writs occurred in Britain tooà jury ruled against Otis<br />Otis points out something interesting<br />Americans see constitution as set—there are limits beyond which government cannot change things<br />British see constitution as a collection of laws and traditions<br />Parliament’s laws includedà Parliament could change the constitution<br /><br />The Sugar Act, 1764<br />Would help get rid of some of British military’s expenses in colonies<br />Navigation acts hadn’t brought money in, they just stimulated British eocnomy<br />Costs for importing goods paid by British importers, not American producers<br />Characteristics<br />Amends molasses Act of 1733<br />Since then, colonists had been importing Fench molasses still—bribed customs officials<br />Cheaper that way<br />Requires that any shipments land in Britain before being routed to destinations<br />Required a lot of paperwork and if you had a small technical violation your shipment could be seized<br />Disregarded traditional protections for a fair trial<br />Customs officials transferred smuggling charches from colonial courts to vice-admiralty courts<br />Instead of having jury, only one judge gives verdict<br />Judges got 5% of confiscated cargoà rule guilty a lot<br />Vice-admiralty courts in Halifax, Nova Scotia<br />Instead of innocent until proven guilty, people have to disprove charges<br />Enforced rigorously<br />British Prime Minister George Grenville gets navy to enforce ti<br />Britain lowers tax to make it cheaper than French sugar<br />Revenue goes up<br />Hurts Massachusetts, NY, and Pennsylvania the most<br /><br />The Stamp Act, 1765<br />Revenue didn’t do much to ease British financial crisis<br />Colonists were taxed a lot less<br />Parliament passed Stamp Act to raise revenues à obliged colonists to purchase ad use special watermarked paper for various documents<br />Violators faced prosecution<br />Was an internal tax – levied directly on property, goods, and government services in the colonies<br />Designed to raise revenues for crown and had wide effects<br />Some (including William Pitt) objected to tax<br />Emphasized that colonists had never been subject to British revenue bills and noted tat they taxes themselves through their own elected assemblies<br />British Prime Minister George Grenville and his supporters also denied that colonists were entitled to exemption<br />Elected assemblies = English town councils<br />Elected assemblies had as much power as Parliament let them have<br />Colonists argued elected assembles = House of Commons<br />Colonists felt that the Act forced them to confront the issue of parliamentary taxation directly or to surrender any claim to rights of self-government<br />Didn’t feel like Parliament represented them<br />Denied theory of virtual representation <br />Enjoyed self-government<br />James Otis expressed basic argument (at Sugar Act opposition): every man is a free man; no parts of crown’s people can be taxed without consent; everyone has a right to be represented in legislature<br />Colonists thought empire was loose federation in which their legislatures possessed autonomy, rather than long-distance rule from Britain<br /><br />Resisting the Stamp Act<br />Response to the stamp act<br />For sugar act they smuggled things in<br />For stamp act they use noncooperation<br />They don’t buy British product that have stamp act tax<br />Led by groups<br />Loyal Nine/ Sons of Liberty<br />Stamp Act Congress<br />Stamp act Congress<br />Different from Loyal Nine and Sons of Liberty in methods<br />Sons of liberty= violent resistance<br />Lynching an effegy—“killing” a fake replica of a person<br />Tar and feather people<br />Stamp act congresses aren’t violent<br />Try to get a boycott going<br />Are people joining the boycott b/c they are fed up with taxes<br />Not because they are feeling threatened by violence<br />Know that violence won’t win it for them<br />Elites are afraid of Sons of Liberty<br />Organizing the boycott<br />People w/ stamp act congress ar against Britain but also against “nathanial bacon” types<br />Still recognize that sons of liberty are helping their cause<br />Still aren’t discussing revolution/separation yet<br />Just want to get rid of a law<br />People afraid that violence against british troops will start war<br />Sons of liberty don’t let followers bear arms<br />o Unlike Sugar Act, Stamp Act generated political storm thru all colonies in 1765<br />§ To colonists, Parliament’s passage of act demonstrated its indifference to their interests and the shallowness of the theory of virtual representation<br />§ Parliament dismissed all petitions against the passage<br /><br />o May 1765, Patrick Henry, young VA lawyer/planter/orator urged VA House of Burgesses to adopt resolutions denying Parliament’s power to tax colonies<br />§ Assembly passed only 4 weakest of 7 resolutions<br />§ By end of yr, 7 other assembles passed resolutions grounded in constitutional arguments vs. the act<br />§ Henry’s words resonated more loudly outside elite political circles, esp. in Boston:<br />· In Boston, group of middle-class artisans/small business owners joined together as the Loyal Nine to fight the Stamp Act<br />· recognized that stamp distributors (who alone could accept $ for water-marked paper) were the law’s weak link à if public could get them to resign before taxes were due Nov 1, Stamp Act àinoperable<br />· Boston esp. opposed Parl. b/c many lived by shipbuilding, maritime trade, distilling – and were not living well in 1765 partly b/c of Brit policies:<br />o suffered from Sugar Act’s trade restrictions<br />o burdened rum producers w/ heavy tax on molasses, dry up Portuguese wine import trade, prohibit export of many New England products<br />· However, Bostonians’ problems also rooted in older problems:<br />o Shipbuilding industry surpassed by NY, Philidelphia<br />o Rum, sugar producers fallen<br />o Brit forced recruitment took away fishermen from fishing ind.<br />o Unemployment led to ^ taxes for poor-relief - (many become poor)<br />o Others still employed struggled w/ ^ prices, taxes<br />o Great fire in 1760<br />· Economic distress produced explosive situation in Boston<br />o Already resentful of elite, many blamed Brit officials + policies<br />o Poor + working class Bostonians accustomed to forming large crowds for political expression<br />§ Nov 5, Pope’s Day: 1000s gather to commemorate failure of Catholic plot in Eng in 1605 to blow up Parl. + kill James I<br />· Bostonians sometimes burned effigies of pope and pol. leaders<br />· After Stamp Act, Bostonians focused protest against imperial officials<br />o Loyal Nine tried to warn likeness of Boston’s stamp distributor, Andrew Oliver<br />o But several 100 Bostonians led by shoemaker Ebenezer MacIntosh demolished Oliver’s house where “stamped” his effigy to pieces<br />§ Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson and sheriff tried to disperse crowd w/ barrage of rocks<br />§ Oliver announced his resignation<br />· Bitterness against Stamp Act à Violence<br />o 12 days after 1st Boston riot, demolished luxurious home of Thomas Hutchinson (chief justice, symbol of royal policies, tried to stop destruction of Oliver’s house)<br />§ Ironically, Hutchinson privately opposed Stamp Act<br />· Sons of Liberty: groups similar to Loyal 9 forming throughout colonies<br />o Sought to prevent violent outbreaks (like Hutch., and Newport, RI)<br />§ Recognized that crowds were ignoring customary deference toward social “superiors” à afraid they’d expand to all elites if not contained<br />§ Fearful of alienating wealthy opponents of SA, Sons of Lib focused actions against property and left avenues of escape for their victims<br />§ Also fearful that royal soldier or revenue officer might be shot à forbade followers to carry weapons<br /><br />o “Stamp Act Congress”<br />§ Oct. 1765 representatives of 9 colonial assemblies met in NYC<br />§ Colonies agreed that Parl. lacked authority to levy taxes outside of Great Brit and to deny any person a jury trial<br />§ (only once before had truly intercolonial meeting taken place –Albany Conference in 1754 which failed)<br />o Effects of Resistance<br />§ By late 1765, most stamp distributors had resigned/fled<br />§ and w/o watermarked paper required by law, most royal officials were refusing to perform their duties àIn response, legislators threatened to withhold their pay<br />§ Simultaneously, merchants obtained sailing clearances by threatening to sue if cargoes were spoiled à most colony harbors functioning again<br />§ Colonial elites moved to keep situation from getting out of hand by taking over leadership of local Sons of Liberty groups, by coordinating protest thru the Stamp Act Congress and by having colonial legislature restore normal business<br />§ Elite feared chaos would break out, esp. if Brit troops came to enforce Stamp Act<br />§ To force the Stamp Act’s repeal, NY’s merchants agreed on Oct 31, 1765 to boycott all Brit goods – (other cities followed) à put Eng economy in danger of recession<br />· Colonial boycotts triggered panic in Eng and businessmen warned Parl. that continuation of Stamp Act would stimulate wave of bankruptcies, unemployment, political unrest<br /><br />The Declaratory Act, 1766<br />Marquis of Rockingham succeeded Grenville as prime minister – mid-1765<br />Hesitated to advocate repeal – majority within the House of Commons = outraged at colonial defiance of law.<br />January 1766 – William Pitt (opponent of Stamp Act) denounced efforts to tax colonies.<br />Parliamentary support for repeal grew – matter of practicality, not surrender of principle.<br />March 1766 – Parliament revokes Stamp Act.<br />Stamp act wasn’t raising the revenue it was supposed to<br />Only in conjunction with a passage of Declaratory Act – affirmed parliamentary power to legislate for the colonies absolutely.<br />Is British government doing something new?<br />Parliament kind of thought they already had this power<br />No one had raised the question before, so now they put it down in writing<br />Thought that it was an implied power until now<br />The practice implies that they have this power<br />But, if you don’t talk about whether you have the right or not, do you have the right?<br />If you neglect a policy, does it still exist?<br />There are people who don’t get to participate in political process, in Britain and colonies<br />Need to meet land requirement<br />“virtual representation”<br />A member of parliament “virtually” represents everyone’s interests—regardless of constituencies or who you got voted by<br />This is rational for everything that British government does in arguments w/ colonies<br />Dec. Act – written In general language<br />American interpreted it to advantage.<br />Colonial political leaders – saw law as modeled after an early statute concerning Ireland, which was exempt from British taxation<br />Seemed to be parliament’s way of compensating for repeal of Stamp Act – Americans ignored it.<br />House of Commons – intended for the Americans to take it literally à could not be exempt form parliamentary statute, incl. tax law.<br />Fundamental disagreement b/w Brits and Americans over political rights.<br />However – most colonists put behind them the events of 765 à loyal statements fo gratitude to King and parliament.<br />Sons of Liberty – disbanded<br />Continued active resistance to law, but began to ponder British policies more deeply.<br /><br />Ideology, Religion, and Resistance<br />Chasm between colonies and Britain<br />For first time, colonists were critical of imperial relationship with England<br />Educated colonists à used works of philosophers, historians, and political writers to understand new ideas (also religion)<br />1760s – widely familiar with political writings of Enlightenment thinkers<br />John Locke.<br />Humanity originated in state of nature – “natural rights” à life, liberty, and property.<br />Groups entered into “social contract” à to form governments to protect rights.<br />Contract broken by a gov’t encroaching on rights à people can resist gov’t, although rebellion is only good in extreme cases.<br />To colonists, this idea justified opposition to parliament.<br />Other Writers<br />Excessive concentrations of political powers = threats to people’s liberty<br />Emphasis on political community.<br />Ancient Greeks and Romans à Republican<br />Sense of civic duty as motivational<br />Free people need to avoid moral or political corruption – practice “public virtue”<br />Subordinate personal interests to policy<br />One elected leader – command by virtue of people.<br />Oppositionists<br />Republican English political writers<br />John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon<br />Parliament = foundation of England’s political liberties (protected these liberties).<br />Since 1720 – argue that prime ministers had exploited treasury for pensions, contracts and offices for politicians, OR had bribed voters.<br />Parliament no longer has true interests – “conspiracy against liberty”<br />“Country party” – fear corrupt “court party” of elected officials.<br />A number of colonists pointed to conspiracy behind British policies.<br />Pamphlets – denounced British “enslavement” efforts through excessive taxation and the imposition of officials – assaults on natural liberties.<br />Samuel Adams<br />Hoped American would become a “Christian Sparta”<br />Linked piety and republican ideals – combined most potent appeals rallying public protest<br />All Americans – learned about Protestantism<br />Educated Americans – Greek and Latin learning + English lit.<br />Thomas Jefferson<br />Revered ancient republics of Rome and Greece – stern, virtuous devotion to liberty<br />Pamphlets of Jefferson and Dickinson = quotations from classics<br />Reminder of righteous dignity to upper class<br />Appeals to ordinary Americans had to draw upon wellsprings of beliefs.<br />Patrick Henry – able to evoke religious fervor of Great Awakening.<br />Protestant Clergymen – called congregation to stand up for God and Liberty<br />Enormous influence on public opinion<br />More listened to sermons than read newspaper, etc.<br />Invoke divine aid – God sends people woes only to strengthen them until victory.<br />Protest leaders’ calls for boycotting luxuries tied in with pulpit warnings against frivolity.<br /><br />Resistance Resumes, 1766-1770<br /><br />Opposing the Quartering Act, 1766-1767<br />Colonies have to pay certain expenses incurred by soldiers stationed there<br />Aug. 1766, George III summoned William Pitt to form a cabinet<br />Pitt = opposed to taxing colonies<br />But health collapsed and leadership passed to Charles Townshend<br />Quartering Act, enacted 1765<br />Ordered colonial legislatures to pay for certain goods needed by soldiers stationed within their respective borders<br />Resented b/c indirect tax à clashed with assemblies’ claimed power to initiate all revenue-raising measures<br />QA also reinforced presence of standing army à tyranny in eyes of col.<br />New Yorks’s Resistance<br />Prod. anti-American feeling in House of Commons<br />Townshend drafted the New York Suspending Act – threatened to nullify all laws passed by colony if assemblies refused to vote the supplies<br />h/e by time George III had signed NYSA, NY has appropriated necessary funds<br />conflict over QA demonstrated that Brit leaders wouldn’t hesitate to defend Parl.’s authority – even thru interfering w/ American claims to self-governance<br /><br />The Townshend Duties, 1767<br />Have to pay taxes on lead, glass, paper, tea…<br />Townsend<br />Farmer who experimented w/ crop rotation, selective breeding<br />Came up w/ new ways to grow turnips<br />Feeds starving population<br />Links him to 2 George’s—King, and farmer in Virginia<br />English gentry mad at govt’s failure to cut taxes from wartime levels à so gentry slashed own taxes 25% à This cost govt lots of money (deficit) so…<br />Townshend’s Revenue Act of 1767 (aka Townshend Duties)<br /> Townshend proposed laws to tax imports entering America from Britain<br />Townshend taxed colonists by exploiting oversight in their argument vs. Stamp Act – never said anything against Parl’s right to tax imports as entered colonies ..(sneaky…) – impose external taxes<br />From colonial standpoint, T’s Duties were taxes just like Stamp Act b/c did not excessively tax goods (so as to regulate/dissuade foreign trade), but instead just set moderate rates à therefore, clearly trying to just add to treasury<br />Other motive for T’s Duties: Townshend hoped to establish fund that would pay salaries of governors/other royal officials in America, thus freeing them from assemblies’ control<br />By stripping assemblies of power of the purse, Revenue Act threatened to tip balance of constitutional power away from elected col. Reps and toward nonelected royal officials<br />Revenue Act never yielded desired $<br />Only tea produced significant revenue- but had to keep tea affordable<br />Therefore, RA worsened British treasury’s deficit<br />From Parl’s standpoint, conflict w/ America was becoming test of national will over principle of taxation<br /><br /><br />The Colonists’ Reaction, 1767-1769<br />Colonists<br />Resistance to Revenue Act remained weak until Dec 1767 when John Dickinson published 12 essays – Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania<br />Said that Parl. had no right to tax commerce for single purpose of raising revenue<br />Legality of external tax depended on its intent<br />Persuaded many that arguments ppl had vs. stamp act also applied to revenue act<br />James Otis – Boston lawyer famed for arguments in writs-of-assistance case<br />Chaired Boston town meeting that asked Massachusetts legislature to oppose the Townshend duties<br />In response, assembly called on Samuel Adams to draft a “circular letter” to every colonial legis in 1768<br />Letter condemned taxation w/o representation<br />And threat to self-governance posed by parl’s making governors and other royal officers financially independent of legislatures<br />But it acknowledge Parl. as “supreme legislative Power over the whole Empire”<br />Advocated no illegal activities<br />Virginia’s assembly greatly approved of Adam’s letter and sent out even stronger letter of own urging colonies to oppose imperial policies<br />h/e most colonial legis responded indifferently<br />in fact, resistance to Rev Act might have died out if Brit govt hadn’t overreacted to circular letters<br />Eng’s Response<br />Parl regarded letters as incentive to rebellion<br />King’s Privy Council appointed Lord Hillsborough as secretary of state for colonies to express govt’s displeasure<br />Told Mass to disown letter, forbade other colonies to endorse it<br />Commanded governors to dissolve any legis that violated instructions<br />What Colonists did…<br />To protest Hillsborough, many colonies orig indiff to Mass letter now adopted it enthusiastically<br />Governors dismissed legislatures<br />Colonists wonder how they can pressure Parl. to repeal R.A.?<br />Nonimportation – would distress Brit’s econ<br />Boston’s merchants adopted nonimportation agreement<br />Not all colonists supported tho<br />Effectiveness depended on compliance of merchants<br />Merchants in some major cities kept buying Brit goods<br />Boycott more signif. in long run b/c made colonists more active in resisting Brit. Policies<br /><br />“Wilkes and Liberty,” 1768-1770<br />Britain is affected by nonimportation policy<br />Want repeal of Townsend duties<br />Low wages and high prices<br />Movement in 1760’s opposing domestic and foreign policies of George III and Parliament dominated by wealthy landowners<br />John Wilkes<br />Editor and parliament member<br />Newspaper expressed opposition to George III’s policies<br />Government arrests him for libel<br />He wins his case<br />But his newspaper is shut down and House of Commons is persuaded to deny him a seat<br />He offends government more and flees to paris<br />Comes back in 1768<br />Townsend acts have people in protests<br />People rally around Wilkes<br />Wilkes elected to Parliament<br />Arrested<br />“Wilkesites” protest on St. George’s Fields outside prison where Wilkes is kept<br />Some people start throwing stones<br />Soldiers and police fire<br />11 killed<br />Called “massacre of St. George’s Fields”<br />Wilkes and an associate elected to Parliament 2 more times and denied seats<br />Imprisoned Wilkes gets a lot of popular support from colonies<br />In correspondence w/ Boston Sons of Liberty<br />People in Britain and colonies pulled into politics<br />English cities and towns sign petitions protesting Parliament’s refusal to give Wilkes a seat<br />Think “virtual representation” is a sham<br />Say refusing seat is affront to electorate’s will<br />Society of the Supporters of the Bill of Rights<br />Formed to protect constitutional liberties of subjects<br />Respectable opponents of government (Endmund Burke, William Pitt…) say Wilkes shouldn’t deal in the “mob”<br />Wilkes and his following make clear that parliament is a minority w/ too much power that could be legitimately questioned<br /><br />Women and Colonial Resistance<br />Key to nonimportation policy is showing Britain and colonies that people can sustain resistance and that their cause rested on moderation, morality, and self sacrifice<br />White women had been slowly and unevenly getting more influence in politics<br />In churches they outnumbered men<br />Seen as examples of piety and morality<br />Wealthy women make Daughters of Liberty<br />Play minor role in defeating the stamp act<br />Also start to express ideas of opposition in discussions and correspondences<br />During Townsend crisis, women have bigger role<br />Tea<br />Take on nonconsumption policy<br />Women drink most tea of anyone<br />Hurts ability of Townsend duties to make money<br />Clothing<br />Women encouraged to make own clothes for families<br />Don’t have to buy British ones<br />Have spinning bees<br />Forego idleness for liberty<br />Gives regular household chores, like spinning, a political significance<br />Feminine virtues prove to expand beyond religious piety<br />Women participation shows that colonial protest is more widespread<br /><br />Customs “Racketeering,” 1767-1768<br />Townshend wanted to increase revenues through strict enforcement of Navigation Acts à submitted Revenue Act of 1767<br />Introduced legislation – created American Board of Customs Commissioners<br />Funded various job positions<br />Fines created more incentive for illegal smuggling<br />Probability of conviction was high<br />Wanted to spread this system to colonies<br />There were protests because of unjust law enforcements (guilty until proven innocent)<br />No evidence existed but charges were filed<br />Revenue agents started abusing their powers (i.e. going against traditional sailor’s rights to seize ship)<br />“Customs racketeering”<br />Retaliation<br />Pennsylvania Journal scorned agents as dogs of prey, going after fortune<br />Agents were despised everywhere<br />Boston à most hated<br />Citizens retaliated<br />John Hancock became chief target of customs commissioners<br />Was leading opponent of British taxation<br />Was fined 13x as much as he allegedly evaded on a shipment of wine<br />Citizens tried to prevent towing of Hancock’s ship – began assault on agents<br />Mob drove inspectors from Boston<br />Added to friction between Britain and colonies<br />The Deepening Crisis, 1770-1774<br />Colonists argued that acts (i.e. Sugar Act) endangered property rights and civil liberties<br />Rejection of taxation without representation expanded into rejection of legislation without representation<br />Later à Parliament had no lawmaking authority over colonies except right to regulate imperial commerce (Navigation Acts)<br />British reaction to Hancock’s case à dispatched British troops to Boston<br />Bostonians resented troops – felt that troops threatened liberty and were financial burden<br /><br />The Boston Massacre, 1770<br />- Boston was filled with tension à soldiers generated anger<br />- February 22, 1770 à customs informer shot into a crowd picketing the home of a customs-paying merchant – killed a young boy<br />o His death unified community – large funeral held<br />- Army had no part in shooting but it became target<br />- Cripus Attucks and George Robert Twelves Hewes<br />o Led crowd against troops to guard post protecting customs office<br />o Officer tried to disperse citizens – threatened to shoot<br />o Soldiers fired<br />- Shock that followed was climax of Townshend crisis<br />- Royal authorities in Massachusetts tried to settle the problem<br />o Isolated all British soldiers on an island<br />o Governor Thomas Hutchinson promised that soldiers who shot would be tried<br />§ John Adams was their attorney<br />o Most soldiers were acquitted and those who were guilty suffered light punishment<br />- Colonists were afraid that British government was going to suppress them through force<br /><br />Lord North’s Partial Retreat, 1770<br />New British prime minister: Lord North<br />Worked to stabilize relations between Britain and colonies<br />Favored eliminating most of Townshend duties to prevent boycott from widening<br />Insisted on retaining tax on tea<br />Parliament agreed – repealed most of T. duties<br />Parliament’s partial repeal produced problem for American politicians<br />Considered it intolerable that taxes remained on tea (most profitable item)<br />Colonists resisted external taxation – didn’t drink tea<br />Didn’t make a profit to pay salaries of royal governors<br />British government took steps to control American Board of Customs Commissioners<br />Dropped charges on Hancock<br />The Committees of Correspondence, 1772-1773<br />Lord North’s ministry was preparing to implement Townshend’s goal of paying royal governor’s salaries out of customs revenue<br />Colonists saw this as threat to representative government<br />Samuel Adams requested that every Massachusetts community appoint people to various jobs to protect colonial rights<br />Called Committees of Correspondence<br />Ideas spread<br />COCs were colonists’ first attempt to maintain close political cooperation over wide area<br />Enabled Adams to send out messages easily<br />Adam publicized certain letters of Hutchinson that Franklin had obtained<br />Found out that chief executive advocated restriction of natural liberty<br />Some colonists wanted to destroy basic freedoms<br />Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and Richard Henry Lee proposed that Virginia establish colony-level COCs<br />Network of leaders was created throughout colonies<br />Dissatisfaction (caused by i.e. Townshend duties) created more friction between Britain and colonies<br />Felt that British authority threatened liberty and virtue<br /><br />Backcountry Tensions<br />Tensions in the west – contributed to ongoing sense of crisis among Indians, settlers and colonial authorities.<br />Rapid growth – spurred migration and capitol to Appalachian backcountry<br />Where colonists and gov’t sought access to Indian land<br />British gov’t helpless in enforcing Proclamation of 1763 – land pressures and inadequate revenue from colonists.<br />Speculators (ex. GW) – sought western land to seize opportunity before it is lost.<br />Settlers, traders, hunters, thieves – trespassed on Indian land<br />Violence by colonists towards Indians – unpunished<br />British gov’t = unable to maintain garrisons at many forts<br />Garrisons à enforce violations of laws and treaties; provide gifts to allies.<br />Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)<br />Britain and Six Nations Iroquois<br />Grant land along Ohio River that was occupied and claimed by Shawnees, Delawares, and Cherokees to governments of Pennsylvania and VA.<br />Shawnees = assume leadership of Ohio Indians<br />Sensed that no policy such as this would stop colonial expansion.<br />Treaty = heightened western tensions<br />Ohio country à settlers agitated to establish Kentucky<br />Violence culminates (1774)<br />Slaughter of 13 Shawnees and Mingos, including 8 Logans à leading Mingo family<br />Outraged Logan – leads force that kills 13 white Virginians<br />VA – campaign against the Indians<br />Lord Dunmore’s War (1774)<br />Colony’s governor<br />Conflict at Point Pleasant (VA side of the Ohio River)<br />English victory<br />Peace conference – VA gets rights to lands south of Ohio river and gave up claims on northern side.<br />Anglo-Indian resentments continue<br />Some conflicts with Indians led to conflicts within colonists<br />Colonists moving west in MA were challenged by NY landlords<br />1766 – 2 landlords threaten to evict tenants<br />New Englanders aide in armed uprising – Sons of Liberty (after Stamp Act protesters)<br />1769 00 New Hampshire vs. NY à 4 years of guerilla warfare<br />NH settlers (“Green Mountain Boys”) – establish independent gov’t.<br />Eventually became gov’t of Vermont<br />More NE settlers à settle in PA and clash there.<br />Backcountry Settlers vs. Colonial Governments<br />NC – Regulators aimed to redress the grievances of westerners who were under-represented in the colonial assembly and exploited by dishonest eastern officeholders.<br />May 16, 1771 – Battle of Alamance Creek<br />NC’s royal governor defeats Regulators – 300 casualties<br />Movement results in colony’s crippled ability to resist British authority.<br />Armed Regulator movement in SC – counter government’s unwillingness to prosecute bandits.<br />Gov’t not want to dispatch militia à fear of slave uprising<br />Conceded to demands à establish 4 new judicial circuits and allow jury trials<br />Tea Act, 1773<br />Colonial smuggling and nonconsumption = heavy toll on British East India Company<br />Legal monopoly on the sale of tea in Britain’s Empire<br />1773 – on brink of bankruptcy<br />Lord North – cannot afford to lose company<br />Maid substantial duties on shipped tea<br />Provided indirect savings for government by maintaining British authority in India.<br />Want to control colonial market – increase profits<br />1773 – colonies only purchasing ¼ of the million lbs they consume a year from the BEIC.<br />May 1773 – Tea Act<br />Lowered selling prices by eliminating import duties on tea entering England.<br />Permitted the company to sell directly to consumers, rather than to wholesalers<br />Price now well below that of smuggled competition<br />Alarmed many Americans:<br />Menace to liberty and virtue and colonial representative government<br />Raises revenue, which is used to pay royal governors<br />Corrupt Americans into accepting parliamentary taxation by exploiting weakness for luxury<br />Committees of correspondence – peaceful resistance of tea imports<br />Kept cargoes from landing – persuasion, interception, etc.<br />Boston – failed<br /><br />Boston Tea Party<br />November 28, 1773 – first ship under jurisdiction of the customhouse came.<br />Duties would have to be paid within 20 days, or cargo would be seized<br />Sam Adams and John Hancock repeatedly asked the customs office to issue a clearance of the ship’s departure, but they wouldn’t à Thomas Hutchinson’s refusal to compromise<br />December 16 – 5,000 Bostonians gather in Old South Church<br />Sam Adams informs citizens of Hutchinson’s insistence on landing the tea<br />50 young men (including George Robert Twelves Hewes) disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians<br />Symbolizes a virtuous, proud American identity separate from that of Britain.<br />Armed with tomahawks<br />Assaulted no one, only damaged the cargo à heaved 45 tons of tea overboard while thousands looked on.<br />Quiet the whole time à “never more still or calm”<br /><br />Toward Independence, 1774-1776<br /><br />Liberty for Black Americans<br /><br />The Coercive Acts<br /><br />The First Continental Congress<br />(fyi – I didn’t include the ppl there b/c a lot, so see p. 151 if think is necessary)<br />Sept. 5, 1774- In response to the “Intolerable Acts”, the extralegal committees of correspondence of every colony but Georgia sent delegates to a Continental Congress in Philadelphia<br />Delegates came together to find way of defending colonies’ rights in common<br />First Continental Congress opened by endorsing set of statements of principle called the Suffolk Resolves that had recently placed Mass in a state of passive rebellion. Resolves decl that:<br />Colonies owed no obedience to any of Coercive Acts<br />Provisional govt should collect taxes until former Mass charter was restored<br />Defensive measures should be taken in event of attack by royal troops<br />Continental Association- agreement in which FCC voted to boycott brit goods and to cease exporting almost all goods to Brit + W Indies unless reconciliation accomplished<br />Bold defiance not liked by all delegates<br />Moderates feared internal turmoil that would accompany confrontation w/ Britain<br />These “trimmers” opposed nonimportation and tried to endorse plan for a “Grand Council”- an American legis that would share authority to tax and govern colonies w/ Parl. – didn’t work<br />Finally, delegates summarized principles/demands in petition to king<br />Affirmed Parl’s power to regulate imperial commerce, but argued that Parl’s previous efforts to impose taxes, enforce laws thru admiralty courts, suspend assemblies, and revoke charters were unconstitutional<br />By addressing king rather than Parl, congress was imploring George III to end crisis by dismissing ministers who passed Coercive Acts<br /><br />From Resistance to Rebellion<br />Most Americans hoped their resistance would jolt parl. into renouncing all authority over colonies except trade regulation<br />But tensions between moderates and radicals ran high<br />To solidify their defiance, colonial resistance leaders coerced waverers and loyalists (Tories) – got merchants to stop importing Brit goods etc.<br />By 1775, colonial patriots had established provincial “congresses” that paralleled and rivaled the existing colonial assemblies headed by royal governors<br />Britain answered colonies’ challenge in Mass in April 1775:<br />In Mass, colonists had organized extralegal milita units (minutemen) prepared vs. possible brit attack<br />Brit govt ordered Mass’s Governor Gage to arrest principal patriot leaders<br />Gage sent Brit soldiers to take colonists’ mil. supplies stored at Concord<br />William Dawes and Paul Revere warned of approaching Brits<br />Concord- 273 Brit deaths, 92 colonists<br />Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia<br />Most delegates still opposed independence and at Dickinson’s urging agreed to send “loyal message” to George III (Olive Branch Petition)<br />Olive Branch Petition<br />Politely presented 3 demands:<br />A cease-fire at Boston<br />Repeal of Coercive Acts<br />Negotiations to estab. guarantees of American rights<br />While pleading for peace, also passed measures brits saw as rebellious<br />E.g., voted to estab. an “American Continental Army” – appt George Washington as commander<br />In London,<br />News of Olive Branch Petition, Continental Army’s Formation, and battles at Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill – great Brit casualties<br />After Bunker hill, many brits wanted retaliation<br />Aug, George III proclaimed New England in state of rebellion à Oct, extended to all colonies<br />Dec, Parl decl. colonies rebellious, outlawing all Brit trade w/ them, subjecting their ships to seizure<br /><br />Common Sense<br />Many colonists clung to hopes of reconciliation<br />Also clung to notion that evil ministers rather than king were forcing unconstitutional measures on them and that saner heads would rise to power in Brit. à wrong!<br />When George III decl. colonies in rebellion, Anglo-Americans had to either submit or to acknowledge their goal of national independence<br />Thomas Paine’s Common Sense<br />Monarchy was an institution rooted in superstition, dangerous to liberty, and inappropriate to Americans<br />America had no econ. need for Brit connection<br />Events or preceding 6 months had made independence a reality<br />Linked America’s awakening nationalism with the sense of religious mission felt by many New Englanders<br />America would be new kind of nation, a model society founded on republican principles and unburdened by the oppressive beliefs/corrupt institutions of European past<br />Common Sense dissolved lingering allegiance to George III and Great Britain, removing the last psychological barrier to Amer independence<br /><br />Declaring Independence<br />Common Sense stimulates local gatherings<br />Extralegal legislatures declare independence from Britain<br />July 2,1776- Congress created the United States of America<br />Committee put together to draft statement of independence<br />Benjamin Franklin<br />John Adams<br />Thomas Jefferson (principal author)<br />Enlightenment<br />John Locke’s ideas<br />Natural rights<br />Social contract<br />If government not protecting natural rightsà tyrannical<br />People have right to overthrow<br />Pursuit of Happiness—progress<br />Changes:<br />Pursuit of happiness—replaces “property”<br />Happiness determined by an individual basis<br />Government is there to facilitate each person’s own pursuits<br />delete statement blaming George III for forcing slavery on colonies<br />Move focus off of wanting representation—want an outright split<br />List 27 “injuries and usurpations” committed by George III against colonies<br />Focus less on individual politicians<br />Recognize that Parliament and King have become too tyrannical<br />Say that Britain has violated social contract<br />Colonies have a right to replace him w/ their own government<br />Emphasis on equality and natural entitlement to justice, liberty, and self-fulfillment based not on exploitation or legal privilege<br />Make the statement that George III’s rule as tyrannical<br />Have to prove it<br />Charges<br />Changing locations of legislaturesà move things to Nova Scotia<br />Dissolve representative governmentsà House of Burgesses is dissolved; dissolve Massachusetts government<br />Preventing immigration and expansionà Proclamation of 1763<br />Administration of justiceà vice-admiralty courts<br />New offices/swarms of officersà Quartering Act<br />“our constitution”à British constitution, not a written document- evolutionary; say Britain isn’t following it any more<br />Abolishing free system of English laws in Quebecà Quebec act; no representative government in Quebec; Britain supporting Catholics in Quebec<br />Whig ideology—government closest to you governs best<br />Elements of Great Awakening it Declaration<br />“protection of Divine Providence”<br />Active presence of God= Great Awakening<br />“endowed by creator”<br />God left colonies to themselves= enlightenment<br />Taking back rights—“ full power to levy war…and do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do”<br />Not a question of just taking back what Britain took from colonies<br />Say that the way Britain took back powers from colonies makes Britain a tyrant<br />b/c Britain is tyrantàsplit<br />Declaration also addresses people unsure about splitting from Britain<br />Wants to convince people that social and political progress can’t happen under the British<br />Also addresses people from other countries<br />Know they’ll need allies<br />That’s why their allegations are trying to make a case<br />Some important things not clarified<br />Equality of slaves/free blacks<br />Equality of women<br />Equality of native Americans<br />Declaration of Independence by Continental Congress makes it something greater<br />Moves colonists to political action<br />Hastens struggle for independence<br />Challenges people to make equality and perfect justice more of a reality by splitting w/ Britain<br />Revolution<br />Revolution: A FUNDAMENTAL change<br />Is the revolutionary war the American Revolution?<br />Does the military fighting equal the fundamental change?<br />Not really a change—they want to keep what they’ve got<br />In a sense, the British are the revolutionaries, and the colonies are the conservatives <br />Britain is changing from limited monarchy to unlimited monarchy<br />George III is changing things<br />Are the colonies a democracy?<br />Not really, many people are excluded—women, slaves, non-landowners<br />Education and property ownership were types of qualifications<br />People don’t like the idea of democracy<br />Associated with mob rule—Sons of Liberty, Boston Tea Party<br />Never mentioned in the constitution<br />States determine who can vote<br />Suffrage is not a natural right<br />States determine the manner of elections<br />Benjamin Franklin proposed self-governance under the crown<br />Dominion of North America<br />Own prime minister etc.<br />American revolution is about liberty and right to participate<br />Fundamental change goes with fundamental conservatism in maintaining things the way they were in the colonies<br />Some people in Parliament are also saying that colonies should be let go<br />Wilberforce<br />Burke<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3607794527065722722-5871639035114699051?l=apushhistorynotes.blogspot.com'/></div>kimgohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00346752144300080841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3607794527065722722.post-31129660894734865222007-10-03T17:44:00.000-07:002007-10-03T17:46:13.924-07:00Chapter 4: The Bonds of Empire: 1660-1750<br /><br />Questions<br />Pg 89-94: How do royal policies change over the period of 1660-1700? What was the effect of the Glorious Revolution?<br />95-109: How did colonial society shift as a result of Britain’s mercantilistic policies? How did political change accompany social change?<br />114-120: What were the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment? Why did they occur at roughtly the same time? What effects did they have on colonial life? Were they mutually supportive or mutually hostile?<br />109-114, 125-127: What overall effect did Britain’s global commercial was have on the development of the British American colonies? How was the French and Indian War especially significant?<br /><br />Chapter Questions:<br />How did the Glorious Revolution and its outcome shape relations between England and its North American colonies?<br />What were the most important consequences of British mercantilism for the mainland colonies?<br />What factors best explain the relative strengths of British, French, and Spanish colonial empires in North America?<br />What were the most significant consequences of the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening for life in the British colonies?<br /><br />Changes and Themes<br />About a century after initial settlement<br />New trade policies + diversity etc<br />A new identity comes about<br />People aren’t so much British but are now American<br />American Culture<br />Class System<br />No nobility<br />Everybody is potentially middle class<br />No aristocracy<br />Aristocrats are hereditary inheritants of land in England<br />In America, anybody can be a land owner<br />They have people of different incomes and station, but not class<br />People have every opportunity to make their own way up<br />Individualism—everybody has a shot<br />Rights<br />Europeans say you have rights because you belong to a certain group<br />Americans think there are rights regardless of groups/class<br />Social mobility<br />You can make yourself as successful as you want<br />Competitive and opportunistic<br />Inventiveness—people are more creative<br />Exceptionalism<br />Americans have a sense that they are different/better<br />Believe that they are truly unique<br />“city on a hill”<br />Some people think they are savage b/c they don’t follow traditional civil rules<br />Americans think they don’t have to follow these rules<br />Heterogeneous not homogenous society<br />Diversity<br />American doesn’t necessarily refer to a certain race or culture b/c America is so diverse and yet all American<br /><br />Philadelphia<br />· Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine living in 1700s<br />o Thomas Paine<br />§ Writes Common Sense: talks about individual rights and social contract<br />§ Writes the Crisis: at the height of the American Revolution he tells them not to give up<br />o Both are publishers<br />· Thomas Paine<br />o Immigrant (vs. born in America)<br />o Comes to America, has a big effect, leaves America, goes to France<br />§ He is defining, expressing, and describing an American life<br />§ As American as Franklin<br />o Publicist- writes pamphlets about the American identity<br />§ Asks about whether or not English rule can work with this identity<br />· Benjamin Franklin<br />o Born in Boston<br />§ Has to leave b/c economy in Boston isn’t that great in 1720s<br />· Too far away from ship trade<br />§ His family had a lot of kids so he left to make his own way<br />· Goes to Philadelphia<br />o Making his way in Philadelphia and does really well<br />§ Retires early<br />§ Can work on inventions and such<br />§ Makes his money as a printer<br />· Poor Richard’s Almanac (self help book)<br />· Pennsylvania Gazette <br />§ Starts first fire insurance company<br />· Journalists trained to ask: “where’s the fire”<br />· Goes to fire site and sells them insurance<br />o He knows there is a reason to regard the colonies as a single entity<br />§ Looks at differences between Americans and British<br />§ Talking about problems that are uniquely American<br />· But, most of his life up to 30 was spent outside the country<br />· 1750s to mid 1760s he was doing Pennsylvania’s business in England (parliament)<br />o Colony’s ambassador to France<br />o Europeans who meet him use as a mental picture of an American<br />§ Give him honorary degrees from oxford and St. Andrewsà Dr. Franklin<br />o He is the visual contact of America<br />§ He knows it<br />§ Can make himself seem like a classy European or a common American Puritan/Quaker<br />· He is neither<br />· He attends a Presbyterian Church but isn’t that either<br />· He’s a Deist- religion of enlightenment philosophers: has no revelation and no creed<br />· Believes in just, ethical, supreme being who stays out of things<br />· Basic religious sense of ethics and justice<br />· Rational but ethical<br />· Shows up in church b/c he thinks religion has a good effect on American life<br />§ Comes back just in time for Constitutional Convention<br /><br />Glorious Revolution<br />Monarchyà civil warà republicà monarchy (Charles II and James II)<br />Charles good at getting along with Parliament<br />Subtle Catholic<br />James has blatant disrespect for laws<br />Openly catholic<br />Has 2 Anglican daughters who people hope will take throne after him<br />Marries again and has a son—catholic<br />Policy<br />Both sons like to consolidate<br />Power<br />Communications of command<br />James= manager of colonial policy<br />Revokes charters of all colonies in New England<br />No more town meetings, general court, governor…<br />Form Dominion of New England<br />Incorporates New England + New York and New Jersey<br />Best way to consolidate power is to fuse together New England and Dutch conquered lands<br />Wants to reinstitute royal absolutism<br />Like French<br />Ignores English history and tradition<br />England has gone through a lot of different governments<br />Stuarts don’t learn that<br />Edmund Andros<br />Appointed to run the Dominion of New England<br />When James’ son is born leaders in England get rid of James<br />Invite William and Mary from Netherlands to come run England<br />Mary= one of James’ protestant daughters<br />James is chased out without bloodshed<br />Called Glorious Revolution<br />Glorious Revolution<br />Intellectual basis<br />Base revolution on political philosophies of John Locke<br />Natural rights: life, liberty, property<br />Born with these rights<br />Rights supposed to be protected by government<br />Society has made a social contract that gives power to government<br />That way government can protect rights<br />If rulers break social contract, they can be thrown out<br />Born unadorned<br />Your experiences make you who you are<br />Tabula raza= blank slate<br />American experience<br />Retains continuity<br />Still monarchy<br />Conditions for William and Mary is that they sign Bill of Rights<br />Bill of Rights<br />Have to consult Parliament<br />MUST be summoned<br />Permanent legislative<br />House of Commons officially get the “power of the purse”<br />In order to vote/take office you have to take communion in Church of England<br />Way of excluding Catholics and keeping them out of office<br />King can’t be catholic<br />Religious toleration laws though<br />There will be no standing army in peace time<br />Kings can’t impose military on people<br />Navy is excluded<br />In colonies, military presence is absent<br />Didn’t have money for it anyway<br />Colonies are militarily on their own<br />Reaffirmations of basic rights—“rights of Englishmen”<br />Due process of law<br />Jury of peers<br />Know charges against you<br />Habeaus corpus<br />Representation by lawyer<br />Right to a trial<br />See witnesses and cross examination<br />Tries to put all rights in writing<br />#s 4-8 of American Bill of Rights are originally from English Bill of Rights<br />Glorious Revolution in Colonies<br />Reversal of James II’s acts by Parliament/King William (crown and parliament have to go together)<br />Assemblies come back—town meetings<br />Dominion of England taken apart<br />Redo charters<br />Plymouth becomes part of Massachusetts<br />West Jersey and East Jersey put together<br />Assemblies<br />Electorate voting and running for office based on property ownership<br />Even in New England now<br />Vested interest- you have something to gain or lose<br />If you are voting for a representative who gets to vote on things that affect you<br />Property laws for example<br />If you don’t have any property to be taken away, you won’t understand the law<br />Mostly wealthy people do it- you have to be able to afford to live in county center<br />You don’t get paid for being in the legislature<br />It’s a duty, not a job<br />Domination of one idea over another<br />Tory= pro monarchy<br />Established church<br />Sympathize w/ French<br />Want strong central governmentà gives London power<br />People close to the king have power<br />“court party”<br />Whig= pro- parliament<br />Protestant pluralism<br />Sympathize w/ Dutchà anti-French<br />Want parliamentà representativeà decentralized power<br />“country party”<br />People’s country isn’t Britain<br />It’s their community<br />Believe liberties are best protected at local level<br />Best protected by people who know you<br />Representatives who can better speak for you<br />People are getting the idea that representative government is betterà rising “Whig ideology/outlook”<br />People realize they like government less royally centered<br />Proto- republicans<br />Whigs are in charge of government in England<br />Still forcing changes from top down from London onto colonies<br />Religious policy passed from England<br />Charters<br />Colonies still have no say in that<br />To colonists the whigs in London sound in tories<br />Whigs might be better defined as people who don’t have the power<br />Once you get the power you become like the Tories<br />That’s why US government has things get renewed—prevent so many tories<br />Colonies need to be linked with England though<br />England needs to keep authority from top down b/c when Britain goes to war the colonies of Britain and their enemies also go to war<br />Colonies have a certain political understanding<br />Glorious Revolution confirms it but also says that colonies have to answer to authority in London<br />Trade<br />Nothing has changed on trade—Navigation Acts<br />Goods have to be routed through London so they can get their tax, even if start and end locations are in colonies<br />Army<br />Colonial militias, not organized army<br />No British troops in colonies<br />French-Indian war needs military later<br />Britain troops aren’t voluntary<br />Press gang—take negligent people and kidnap them to army<br />Take people from jails too<br />Officers buy their commission<br />You buy your way up<br />Changes<br />Government policies that puts rules in place but sees that it’s not good to enforce them all the time= Salutary Neglect<br />Can’t arrest everybody<br />Only focus on important things<br />Show you’re in charge but that you have better things to do than chaperone all the time<br />Sometimes it’s more profitable to allow illegal things to go on<br />Bribery<br />As a result, smuggling and trade within colonies goes on<br />If Britain ever reverses that stance, colonies will get angry<br />Colonies are responding to a need to connect more effectively<br />Shipping lanes<br />Beginning of a road system<br />Clear idea of how to get from place to place<br />Called “post road”<br />Before there was only a loose network of Indian trails<br />Knit them together<br />Beginnings of east/west highway between colonial networks<br />North/south highways too<br />Movement and correspondence between colonies <br />Postal system<br />Ask crown to name someone in charge of post system (roads etc)—postmaster general<br />Appoint Benjamin Franklin<br />Immigration<br />Affects colonial economic scene<br />Natural increase + burst of immigrants<br />Africans 1/5 colonials is of African origins<br />Germans<br />Mostly religious minorities—pacifists<br />Penn likes them<br />Called “Pennsylvania Dutch”<br />Live in cities and frontier of Pennsylvania<br />Good at growing things<br />Germany becomes 2nd most popular language<br />Movement to make Germany official language<br />West Germany mostly<br />English<br />Scots<br />Scots Irish<br />Scottish transported to northern Ireland for fertile land<br />Land isn’t good enough<br />Protestant<br />Irish<br />Some Catholics, but mostly Protestant<br />Differences in wealth<br />English more wealthy than Irish, Scots Irish, Scots<br />Get exploited by the English<br />English immigrants decreasing some<br />Better economy in Britain<br />Resentment against Britain<br />Scots, Scots Irish, and Scots are unhappy that even in America English have the power<br />Resentment continues into America<br />Groups go into the background and become more radical<br />Don’t like power structure<br />Slavery issue<br />Great Awakening<br />Opposed to Puritanism<br />Puritans have predestination<br />Now they can repent and be saved<br />Treats people with dignityà anti-slavery<br />Enlightenment<br />About logic—it is hard to unite enlightenment with slavery<br />On one hand, slavery denies the natural rights of slaves and puts them into a social contract that does not honor those rights<br />On other hand, social contract based on the preservation of property and slaves are considered property<br />So, you can be pro enlightenment and anti slavery<br />You need a new reason for supporting anti-slavery though<br />You are anti-slavery because it is unreasonable, not because it’s a sin<br />It doesn’t make sense to do bad things<br />Two opposing movements but they do agree on certain issues<br />Only support things for different reasons<br /><br />Rebellion and War, 1660-1713<br />English make an effort to expand overseas trade at expense of their rivals<br />Subordinate colonies to English commercial interests and political authority<br /><br />Royal Centralization, 1660-1688<br />James II and Charles II are sons of Charles I, who was executed by Parliament<br />They distrust representative government<br />Charles doesn’t call parliament<br />James wants to have absolute rule without facing an elected legislature<br />Don’t like colonial assemblies<br />New York has most direct political control by royals<br />James II is Duke of York<br />Forbids assemblies to meet except for a short period of time<br />Charles appoints former army officers to 90 % of posts<br />Against English tradition of only having military in charge of civil authority<br />“governors general” is what they are called<br />New Englanders are resentful of meddling<br />Massachusetts declares citizens exempt from royal decrees and laws except for a declaration of war<br />Ignore navigation acts<br />Charles targets Massachusetts<br />Takes some land from it to make New Hampshire<br />Revokes its charter and makes it a royal colony<br />When James II becomes king he makes Dominion of New England<br />Combines Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth into one administrative unit<br />New York and New Jersey later added<br />Legislatures in colonies cease to exist<br />Sir Edmund Andros becomes governor of Dominion<br />Massachusetts hates Andros<br />He suppresses legislature<br />Allows only one annual meeting<br />Enforced toleration of Anglicans and Navigation acts<br />Puts some elites in high office<br />In New York Catholics have prominent political and military posts<br />People worried that they would betray NY to France<br /><br />The Glorious Revolution in England and America, 1688-1689<br />Colonists become scared as James II and Charles II turn catholic<br />James converts and Charles converts on his deathbed<br />People get even more worried when they show signs of allying England with France, which had begun to persecute Protestant Huguenots<br />English only tolerated James II’s Catholicism because they thought his Anglican daughters would inherit the throne<br />When he has a son, who rules as a Catholic, some religious and political leaders ask Mary and husband William of Orange (leader of Dutch Republic) to take throne<br />Lead Dutch army to England in November 1688<br />Royal troops defect<br />James II flees to France<br />Called the Glorious Revolution- bloodless<br />New crown agrees to<br />Summon Parliament annually<br />Sing all parliament’s bills<br />Respect traditional civil liberties<br />Colonies also move towards revolution<br />New England<br />Before finding out about the success of the Glorious Rev, Boston’s militia arrests Andros and his councilors<br />Act in the name of William and Mary<br />William and Mary dismantle Dominion of New England<br />Restore power to elected governors of Connecticut and Rhode Island<br />Retain Massachusetts as royal colony<br />Let it have Plymouth and Maine but not New Hampshire<br />Crown rather than electorate would appoint governor<br />Landownership, not church ownership becomes voting criteria<br />They had to start tolerating other Christians (whose taxes would still go to their congregation)<br />New York<br />Leisler’s Rebellion<br />City’s militia, led by Captain Jacob Leisler, take command of harbor’s main fort<br />Repair defenses<br />Call for elections for assembly<br />Don’t let English troops into key fortsà skirmish<br />Leisler arrested and charged with treason<br />He had arrested a lot of elites who rejected his authority<br />They had talked to new governor and got him convicted for firing on royal troops<br />Leisler and son-in-law sent to gallows<br />Maryland<br />Message from Lord Baltimore saying to obey William and Mary gets lost when messenger dies in passage<br />Hoped message would prevent any uprisings<br />Protestants fear Lord Baltimore supports James II secretly<br />John Cood and 3 others make Protestant Association and try to secure Maryland for William and Mary<br />Possibly more of a result of the fact that they resented being excluded from high public office b/c ¾ had Catholic wives<br />Seize capital and get Catholics out of office<br />Request royal governor<br />Get governor in 1691<br />Make Church of England established religion<br />Catholics can’t worship publicly and can’t vote<br />Remains a royal colony until 4th Lord Baltimore gets it back by entering Church of England<br />Important Change<br />Reestablishes legislative government and religious freedom for Protestants<br />William and Mary get rid f Dominion<br />Hand power over to elites, which they trust to follow interests of England<br />Makes system of allegiance voluntary rather than raw power imposed from far away<br />Americans have rising confidence from relationship with English throne<br /><br />A Generation of War, 1689-1713<br />King William’s War<br />England joins a coalition against France’s Louis XIV, who supported James II’s claim to throne<br />War of League of Augsburg or King William’s War<br />New Yorkers and New Englanders launch attack<br />Attack Montréal<br />Attack Quebec<br />Both invasions fail<br />Fighting becomes violent inconclusive border raids by both sides and their Indian allies<br />Five nations Iroquois Confederacy bears most of bloodshed<br />Almost alone against enemies: pro-French Indians go from Maine to Great lakes<br />English armies often fail to intercept enemies<br />Many Iroquois die<br />By 1700 Iroquois are divided into pro-English, pro-French, and neutralists<br />Neutralists try diplomacy<br />Make treaty called Grand Settlement of 1701<br />Makes peace w/ France and its Indian allies in exchange for access to western furs<br />Redefines alliances with England to exclude military commitments<br />Allows them to keep control of land, rebuild population, and gain recognition as a power in Northeast<br />War of Spanish Succession/Queen Anne’s War<br />Reinforces Anglo-American’s sense of military weakness<br />French destroy several newly built towns<br />Anglo-Spanish war extends old conflicts between New Spain and the Carolinas<br />Almost take Charles Town in 1706<br />Launch coastal raids and looting parties<br />Colonies siege Quebec and St. Augustineà expensive failures<br />English forces do a better than the colonists<br />Take Hudson bay , Newfoundland, and Acadia (Nova Scotia)<br />But, French and Indian hold is still unbroken in interior<br />Consequences are important politically<br />Establishes Anglo-Americans as people of Protestantism and liberty<br />But they realize that they are still dependent on the UK for protection<br />War buttresses their loyalty to the crown<br /><br />Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660-1750<br />- Britain, France, and Spain were economic rivals – used N.A.<br />o Wanted to integrate colonies into single imperial economies<br /><br />Mercantilist Empires in America<br />o Britain, France and Spain were rooted in mercantilism – self-sufficiency (exporting more than importing)<br />o Britain’s mercantilist policies were summarized in Navigation Acts – governed commerce between England and its colonies<br />§ Colonial trade be carried on English or colonial owned vessels<br />§ Prohibited trade to countries other than England<br />§ Molasses Act of 1733 – taxed foreign molasses entering mainland colonies<br />· Served as tariff<br />o Effects of Navigation Acts<br />§ 1) Limited all imperial trade to English ships who crews were mostly English<br />· Laid foundations for American shipbuilding industry and merchant marine<br />· Swift growth of merchant marine – made northern colonial economy more commercial<br />· Created centralized docks, warehouses, and repair shops in colonies<br />§ 2) Barring exports of certain “enumerated goods” to foreign nations unless items passed through England or Scotland<br />· Enumerated goods = tobacco, rice, furs, indigo, etc.<br />· Parliament reduced burdens on exporters<br />o Gave tobacco growers a monopoly over British market by excluding foreign tobacco<br />o Minimized added cost of landing tobacco and rice in Britain by refunding customs duties when products were later shipped to other countries<br />§ 3) Encourage economic diversification<br />· Parliament used British tax revenues to pay bounties to Americans producing goods<br />· Raised price of commercial rivals’ imports by imposing tariffs<br />· Colonists produced clothing and iron<br />§ 4) Made colonies a protected market for low-priced consumer goods and other exports from Britain<br />· Demand for colonial products led to prosperity – enabled colonists to consume larger amounts of other goods<br />· Shops sprang up<br />· Itinerant peddlers traveled to more remote areas<br />o 1760s à Consumer Revolution<br />§ Increase in consumer buying and selling (contributed to exports from 5% to 40%)<br />o Imported goods enabled middle class colonists to mimic lifestyles of British<br />§ Popular import à tea<br />o Economic development of French and Spanish was nothing compared to that of British colonies<br />o France<br />§ France’s most forceful proponent of mercantilism – Colbert<br />§ Had difficulty implementing mercantilist policies<br />· New France eventually developed economic self-sufficiency<br />· Chief imports: wine and brandy; chief export: furs (expanded fur trade)<br />§ France maintained army in Canada – drained royal treasury<br />§ French Canadians lacked private investment, extensive commercial infrastructure vast consumer market, and manufacturing capacity of British<br />§ France’s greatest American success – French planters emulated English by importing large numbers of African slaves to produce sugar<br />· French planters defied some mercantilist policies<br />o French sugar planters made own molasses rather than shipping raw sugar off to France to be refined<br />o Spain<br />§ Spain spent wealth of gold and silver<br />· Economy revived (but not in N.A.)<br />· Spanish colonies didn’t really have overseas commerce<br />§ Spanish traded with Louisiana, British, French, and Indian allies<br />o England became mercantile-commercial economy<br />§ Strengthened navy to protect trade<br />§ Benefits also affected British colonies as well (Parliament intended for only Britain to benefit)<br /><br />Immigration, Population Growth, and Diversity<br />British have most people in North America—gives them an advantage over Spain and Britain<br />Spain<br />Usually immigrants go to South America, not New Mexico, Texas, or Florida<br />Limits immigration to Catholicsà protestants go to British America<br />Sees North American colonies more as buffers for protecting South America from English and French<br />Rely on soldiers in presidios (forts) and strategically placed missions that would convert Indians for defense<br />France<br />Canada and Louisiana don’t sound very appealing b/c of harsh winters and poor economy<br />Limits immigration to Catholics<br />French immigration suffers<br />Mostly criminals and paupers get sent there<br />Some colonies made in Missouri and Upper Louisiana<br />Military prominent while missionaries and traders work with Native Americans<br />English colonies<br />Have good farmland, healthy economy, and a willingness to absorb most European religions (except Catholicism)<br />Population growth is more from natural increase than immigration<br />More slaves start coming over<br />Coming to America<br />Some traders deliberately mix many cultures on a ship to prevent rebellion<br />Some chose slaves from certain regions for their rice growing experience<br />Passage over is cramped and disease ridden<br />Many die or try to jump overboard<br />Slave population doubles<br />Primarily a southern institution but still slaves in north<br />5% of all slaves are going to US<br />Colonists couldn’t afford as many male slaves as they wanted so they bought women and preserved their health<br />Start up family units<br />Better life expectancy for slaves than in Caribbean<br />Creole Slaves (American-born slaves)<br />Have advantages over African-born blacks<br />Familiar with environment, culture, and way of their masters<br />Do less hard labor and more housework<br />African born slaves go to new settlements to do heavy labor<br />Immigration<br />Not as many English are coming over<br />Wages and employment had risen in Englandà less people need to come<br />But, still hardships in British Isles and northern Europeà immigration<br />Results in diversity<br />Many are Scots-Irish<br />Scottish Presbyterians whose ancestors settled in Ireland to escape rack renting (sharp frequent increases in farm rents)<br />Immigrate in complete families<br />Catholic Irish immigrants come over single but can’t find many Catholic women<br />Change to Protestant to take a wife<br />Work as indentured servants<br />German<br />Escaping economic hardships in wartime Rhine Valley<br />Squeezed onto plots of land too small to support and feed a family<br />Come over by indenturing themselves or the family<br />Most Lutheran or Calvinist and some pacifist religions<br />Immigrants are poor<br />Mostly indentured servants who could face brutal conditions<br />A lot of people come to Philadelphia and Piedmont<br />Germans in upper NY<br />Scots Irish and Germans in go south from Pennsylvania and into Maryland<br />Germans and Irish into Charles Town<br />Outpouring of people, including immigrants, from Chesapeake into North Carolina<br />Convict laborers<br />Least free of whites<br />People commit major to trivial offensesà sent to America<br />Some manage to become successful backcountry farmers<br />Anglo-Americans don’t like this many people coming from different cultures<br />Don’t want colonies to be taken over by another culture<br /><br />Rural White Men and Women<br />Benefits to rising living standards = enjoyed unevenly<br />True affluence = reserved for people with inherited wealth, save for Franklin and a few others.<br />Personal success for whites = limited à hard work.<br />Farmers<br />Couldn’t provide children with land of own when married<br />Children in 20s through 40s, lived past 60s – inheritance for all but youngest came in middle age.<br />Young adults – rarely more than 6th or 7th of estate à wills divided evenly b/w sons and daughters<br />Savings for farm equipment – working as field hand<br />Young husband – rent farm because of 33% down payments on mortgages.<br />High birthrates + shortages of productive land = limit farming opportunities<br />Young men turned to frontier, port cities, and high seas to make money.<br />Often supplemented income w/ seasonal work – carpentry, fur trapping, gathering honey, cider-making, shingle making, draining meadows, clearing fields, fencing land, etc.<br />Worked off mortgages slowly because cash income = interest on borrowed money (both about 6%)<br />Inherited shares of parents estate – help pay, as well as income form working teenagers<br />Freed of debt as youngest leaves home.<br />The more isolated/unproductive, the more self-sufficiency and bartering occurred<br />Dependent on abilities of women to make necessities<br />Clean, cook, boil soap, make clothes, tend garden, dairy, orchard, poultry house, and pigsty.<br />Sold dairy products to neighbors/merchants<br />Spun yarn for tailors, sold knitted garments and own hair for wigs<br />Women worked as much as men<br />Legally – women constrained à only autonomous decision = husband<br />Dowry after marriage:<br />English – lost control<br />Dutch – kept<br />French and Spanish – kept<br /><br />Colonial Farmers and the Environment<br />Rapid expansion of colonies—environmental changes east of Appalachians<br />Had to remove trees before plotting land<br />Preferred heavily forested areas – better soil – willing to deal with labor of clearing<br />New England – had to clear rocks from Ice Age – built walls with them<br />Use timber for:<br />Housing, barns, fences<br />Fuel for heating/cooking<br />Sold to urbanites<br />Deforestation<br />Drives away forest animals and attract grass and sees eating animals (rabbits, mice, possums)<br />Removes protection from winds and sun – warmer summers, colder winters – increased demand for firewood.<br />Hastened the runoff of spring waters – flooding, dry streambeds, extensive swamps.<br />Reduced number of fish<br />Dried and hardened soil –developed idea of rotating crops to replenish nutrients within soil<br />Many didn’t have enough land to do this/were unwilling to give up any.<br />Chesapeake – tobacco fields declined after ¾ years à move inland, also contributing to increased soil erosion.<br />Turn to conservation “scientific” farming<br /><br />The Urban Paradox<br />Cities – rising prosperity<br />Economic success elusive for Philly, NY, and Boston<br />Influx of poor white men, women, and children<br />High pop density, poor sanitation – contagious diseases à half of children died before age 21<br />Urban people – ten years off life expectancy<br />Urban artisans – has trained apprentices and employed them as journeymen before opening own shops – by this time, however, only employed laborers when business was good à recommended by Ben Franklin in 1751 to reduce labor costs<br />Recessions – 1720 à increasingly difficult to afford necessities<br />Urban poverty<br />1730 – Boston could no longer shelter destitute in almshouse (built 1635)<br />Number of residents too poor to pay taxes increased<br />NY – need poorhouse in 1736 – by 1772, 4% of residents needed assistance to survive.<br />Wealth – remained highly concentrated<br />NY’s wealthiest 10% owned 45% of property throughout 18th century.<br />Southern cities = large towns<br />Charles Town = North America’s 4th largest city<br />Gracious living to wealthy planters<br />White influx was encouraged, but most European newcomers couldn’t establish farms or find work.<br />Poor whites competed for work with rented-out slaves.<br />Middle class women in cities managed complex households<br />Often worked in family business and operated shops in homes<br />Less affluent wives and widows<br />Fewest opportunities<br />Housed boarders, had no servants<br />Spun cloth instead of buying it<br />Looked to community for relief<br />Bostonians looked wearily upon needs, in contrast to John Winthrop and other Puritan’s emphasis on care of the poor as a Christian duty.<br />1752 – City’s leading minister Charles Chauncy à lamented number of children on the streets, claiming they were there because of “idleness and ignorance”<br />Others said charity for widows and children was “money worse than lost”<br /><br />Slavery’s Wages<br />For slaves, the economic progress in colonial America meant that owners could afford to keep them healthy – rarely make them comfortable<br />Amount of $ spent on indentured servants = more than on slaves<br />Blacks worked for far longer portion of lives than whites<br />Slave children<br />Black women tended tobacco/rice crops and worked outdoors even when pregnant VS. white women who worked in homes, barns, gardens<br />Africans and creoles tried to maximize opportunities within harsh system of slavery: demand tips of guests when shined shoes/stabled horses; sought presents on holidays<br />Task System: In South Carolina and Georgia rice country, slaves working under task system gained control of ½ their waking hours<br />Under tasking, slave spent time caring for a ¼ acre then ended duties for day<br />permitted a few slaves to keep hogs and sell veggies on own<br />1728- exceptional slave, Sampson earned enough $ to buy another slave who he sold to his master in exchange for own freedom<br />Gang System: used on tobacco plantations, afforded Chesapeake slaves less free time than Carolina slaves - worked “from daylight until dusk”<br />Despite Carolina slaves’ greater autonomy, racial tensions = high in the colony<br />As long as Europeans out#d Africans, race relations = relaxed<br />h/e as black majority emerged, whites ^ used force to control<br />1735 law- dress code imposed on slaves’ apparel – must be cheap<br />concerned about gatherings of blacks uncontrolled by whites à 1721, Charles Town enacted 9pm curfew for blacks, while Carolina’s assembly placed slave patrols under colonial militia<br />à blacks responded to colony’s vigilance/punishments with arson, theft, flight, violence<br />Stono Rebellion<br />South Carolina (sep. from NC since 1729) rocked by powerful slave uprising, Stono Rebellion<br />20 blacks seized guns/ammo from store outside Charles Town, marched under flag crying “liberty!”<br />collected 80 men à headed S toward Spanish FL (refuge for escapees)<br />along way burned 7 plantations, killed 20 whites, but spared Scottish innkeeper for being good man + kind to his slaves<br />within day, militia surrounded slaves and cut them down mercilessly<br />spiked heads on poles and placed between that spot + Charles Town<br />other uprisings in colony took more than month to suppress – ppl put to “most cruel death”<br />Thereafter, whites enacted a new slave code which:<br /> kept SC slaves under constant surveillance<br />threatened masters with fines for not disciplining slaves<br />required legislative approval for manumission (freeing individ. slave)<br />Stono Rebellion therefore reinforced SC’s emergence as rigid, racist, fear-ridden society<br />Urban Slaves<br />Mid-century, pop of NYC = 20% slaves<br />Slave majority in Charles Town and Savannah<br />Southern slave owners rented out labor of slaves (cheaper than white workers)<br />Slave artisans (usually creoles) worked as shipwrights, rope makers, goldsmiths etc.<br />Slaves in northern cities often Unskilled<br />Urban slaves in both N+S lived apart from masters in rented quarters alongside free blacks<br />Though urban slavery afforded greater freedom than plantations, blacks still property, racist restrictions<br />1712 NYC - rebellious slaves killed 9 whites à as result, 18 slaves hanged/tortured to death; 6 others suicide to avoid it<br />1741- wave of thefts and fires attrib. to NY slaves led to similar executions of 26 slaves + 4 white accomplices, and the sale of 70 more blacks to W Indies<br />The Rise of Colonial Elites<br /><br />British America’s upper class/gentry: A few colonists benefited disproportionately from growing wealth of Britain + colonies à these elite colonists inherited advantages at birth and ^ them thru crops, buying/selling commodities across Atlantic, serving as attorneys for other elite colonists<br />Gentleman expected to behave w/ responsibility, dignity, generosity, be community leader<br />His wide, a “lady” = skillful household manager, refined yet deferring hostess<br />Before 1700, colonies’ class structure not readily apparent b/c elites spent their limited resources buying land, servants, slaves instead of luxuries<br />As British mercantilist trade ^, higher incomes enabled elite colonists to display wealth (esp. in housing)<br />Greater gentry (richest 2% owning 15% of all property) constructed mansions<br />Lesser gentry (2nd wealthiest 2-10% holding 25% of all prop) lived in more modest dwellings<br />In contrast, middle-class farmers inhabited small 1story wooden buildings<br />Colonial gentlemen + ladies also showed status by imitating “refinement” of upper-class Europeans: $$$ Eng. fashions, carriages, chinaware, books, furniture, musical instruments, studied foreign langs, learned formal dances, polite manners, moved toward horse racing (bet) and away from cockfighting, traveled abroad to get Eng. edu.<br />Therefore, Elites led colonists growing taste for Brit. fashions + consumer goods<br /><br />Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750<br /><br />France and Native Americans<br />Louisiana is main French colony<br />Allied with Choctaw Indians<br />Choctaws get divided though as Carolina traders come in<br />Pro-English and pro-French Choctaws<br />Had hoped Choctaws would counter Spanish in Florida and Carolina’s traders<br />Louisiana Life<br />Corrupt government<br />Slow export economyà hard to support yourself<br />Could plant own food, hung, and fish<br />Depend on exchanges with native Americans<br />Indians give goods to merchants and merchants give things to Indians<br />Indians from Mississippi bring horses and cattle<br />Stolen from Spanish ranches in Texas<br />Africans familiar with cattle become rustlers or beef traders<br />Upper Louisiana= Illinois<br />Better off<br />1/3 slave population<br />Wheat is principal export<br />More reliable crop than commodities of tobacco or rice<br />Remote location attracts few whites<br />Harder to transport things too<br />Depend on Native American allies for defense from other Indian enemies<br />France tries to take Ohio Valley (already have Canada and Mississippi Valley)<br />Ohio Valley mostly has Iroquois<br />Peaceful place b/c of Iroquois neutrality after 1701<br />Attracts Indians from all over<br />France tries to get commercial and diplomatic ties with them<br />Detroit and other cities grow<br />House Indians, French and mètis (mixed)<br />English traders threaten this b/c they have cheaper goods<br />French do still subjugate some Indians<br />Face attacks from Carolina-supported Chickasaw Indians and Mesquakie (fox) Indians<br />Suppress Natchez Indians to take their land for plantations<br />Enslave native Americans for labor<br />Pushing west to North Dakota and Colorado<br />Trade with Indian slaves on great Plains<br />British have to competeà trade goods, guns included<br />Guns spread to Canada and then Plains<br />Plains Indians have horses too<br />Left by Spanish in New Mexico<br />With horses and guns, Indians have new mobile lifestyle<br />Use buffalo as major food source—chase it<br />France’s domain is dependent on relationship with native Americans<br /><br />Native Americans and British Expansion<br />Colonies expand by taking native American land<br />Diseases, war, and political pressure used to get land<br />Carolina<br />Tuscarora Indians provoked by whites taking their land<br />Kidnap and enslave some people<br />Burn Swiss settlement of New Bern<br />North Carolina asks South Carolina and Indian allies for help in defeating Tuscarora<br />Crush Tuscarora<br />Survivors enslaved or migrate to upstate NY and join Iroquois confederacy (nation # 6)<br />Carolina allies don’t like continual subjugation of Native Americans<br />Yamasees with Catawbas and Creeks lead attack on English trading houses<br />Carolina eventually crushes it with help from slaves, Cherokee<br />Catawbas now vulnerable<br />Pressure on one side from English and Iroquois on the other<br />Carolina settlers moving closer to Catawba land<br />Catawbas move further out<br />Pushes them closer to Iroquois<br />Iroquois, after neutrality with French Indian allies, go south for raids etc<br />Catawbas give land to settlers and agree to help defend Carolina from outside Indians<br />Get guns, food, and clothing<br />Now they are stronger and have greater security<br />But, still a gap between settlers and Indians<br />Both competing for resources<br />Iroquois Confederacy in north makes Covenant Chain with several colonies<br />Confederacy helps colonies subjugate Indians whose land English wanted<br />Iroquois control the center of Native American power<br />Separate but cooperative with British<br />Also allows them to keep more of their own land by deflecting potential English expansion<br />Powerful when Pennsylvania enters in 1737<br />Pennsylvania declining from William Penn’s vision<br />Walking Purchase<br />Make fraudulent treaty<br />Claim it was made in 1686 w/ Delaware Indians<br />Say that Indians agreed to give them as much land as a man could walk in a half day<br />Delawares have to give 1200 sq miles to Pennsylvania, even though elders who were alive in 1686 didn’t remember this treaty<br />This land becomes most productive in British Empire<br /><br />British Expansion in the South: Georgia<br />Parliament authorized new colony, Georgia<br />James Oglethorpe purchases land from Creeks<br />Wants to make Georgia a producer of commodities: silk, wine<br />Wants it to be a refuge for honest debtors<br />Parliament gives funding<br />Oglethorpe= main trustee<br />Founds Savannah= port of entry<br />Immigrants from Germany, Switzerland, and Scotland come over<br />Georgia most inclusive colony, along with Pennsylvania<br />Hates slavery<br />Thinks it makes whites lazy<br />Don’t want slave revolts that would give Spanish a chance to invade<br />Slavery undermines economic position of poor whites in Georgia<br />Georgia becomes only state with laws preventing slavery<br />Limited landholdings to no larger than 500 acres<br />Want to keep Georgia white for independent farmer-soldiers<br />Defend colony and not give up land to speculators or large plantations<br />His goals fail<br />Limits on settler’s land prevents immigration<br />Parliament has too many rules against debtor’s release from prison<br />Commodity crops are impractical<br />Only rice is profitable<br />Oglethorpe works against economic reality for a decade then gives up<br />Trustees legalize slavery and lift landholding restrictions<br />Georgia booms<br /><br />Spain’s Tenacity<br />Spain spreads its language and culture in Southwest<br />Repopulate New Mexico after Pueblo Revolt<br />Give grants to small towns of 10 families or more<br />Build strong fortifications against Indian attacks (primarily Apache)<br />Build homes on small lots around church plaza and farm separate fields nearby, graze livestock at a distance<br />Share wood lot and pasture<br />Ranchos raise livestock<br />Very large radiating from towns<br />Monopolize land along the Rio Grande<br />Herders create life of American cowboy<br />Pueblo Indians cooperate with Spanish<br />Many convert to Catholicism in addition practice traditional religion<br />Come under Apache, Ute, and Comanche raids<br />Try to take livestock, European goods, and captives<br />Need to replace own people who were taken by Spanish raiders to work Mexican silver mines<br />Texas made to counter French influence w/ Comanches and other Indians in the Plains<br />Make outposts along San Antonio and Guadalupe Rivers<br />San Antonio de Béxar is center<br />2 towns—mission (the Alamo) and presidio<br />Most Indians in Texas prefer trade with the French to farming, Christianity, and ineffective protection of the Spanish<br />Lack of securityà many die in raids<br />Florida is also in danger<br />Neutrality of Creek Indians allow Spanish to compete in deerskin trade and sponsor counter-raids into Carolina<br />Offer freedom to English slaves who escape to Florida<br />Few colonists compared to Carolina<br />With founding of Georgia, they see it as a threat<br />Go to war when Spain and Britain do<br />Bloody and inconclusive<br />Spain’s control depends of alliances with Native Americans<br /><br />The Return of War, 1739-1748<br />Britain goes to war against Spain under pretence that Spanish cut off the ear of a British smuggler named Jenkinsà War of Jenkins’ Ear<br />Oglethorpe leads assault on Florida<br />Doesn’t get St. Augustine<br />Repels counterattack on Georgia<br />Colonists join British assault on Cartenega<br />Many die b/c of Spanish repelling attack and yellow fever<br />War of Austrian Successionà King George’s War<br />Not many big battles in colonies<br />Most were attacks on civilians<br />Noncombatants killed or captured<br />Most captives are New Englanders captured by French or Indians<br />Prisoners exchanged after war but some elect to stay with their captors<br />Only one major fight<br />William Pepperell leads New Englanders of Main to besiege Louisbourg (French)<br />Louisbourg guards entrance to St. Lawrence river<br />Get Louisbourg, but no more<br />Inconclusive, long, and bloody warfare<br />Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle<br />Exchange Louisbourg for French seized land in India<br />Colonists sacrifices at Cartenega and Louisbourg aren’t forgotten<br /><br />Public Life in British America, 1689-1750<br />British ideas influence the colonies<br />British Bill of Rights is in colonies<br />George Whitefield sparks transformation of Protestantism<br />Enlightenment thinkers inspire colonists<br />Forges stronger bonds to Britain<br />Emphasize more people involved in politics, religious movements, and intellectual discussions<br /><br />Colonial policies<br />Glorious revolutionà rise of legislatures as a major political force<br />Assemblies become more influential<br />Usually there is a governor appointed by crown or proprietor (except Connecticut and Rhode Island)<br />Chooses a council (except in Massachusetts)<br />Makes up upper house of legislature<br />Lower house is the assembly<br />Crown/proprietor has no authority in assembly<br />Used to just go along w/ governor and council<br />After Glorious Rev. they take more central role<br />Lower house wants rights given to House of Commons in England<br />They are essentially both the voice of the people<br />Want a greater check on the governor—like how English had checked the king with a constitutional monarchy<br />Bill of Rights<br />Especially interested in power of the purse that H of C had<br />Assemblies take control of taxes and budgets/ don’t allow any meddling<br />Has “power of the purse” b/c they control the governor’s salary not the English crown or the proprietor<br />Can sometimes convince governors to pass laws that wouldn’t pass other wise<br />Governor could veto acts, call/dismiss assembly sessions, and schedule elections<br />Board of Trade (1696)<br />Allowed crown to undo objectionable laws that assemblies had gotten past the governor<br />Doesn’t really use this power before mid 1700s<br />Colonies are self governing in everything but trade and money-printing restrictions<br />Representative government is nurtured in colonies and supported by British Empire<br />Participation in Government<br />Mostly dominated by wealthy elites in the assembly<br />Governors put greater gentry in his council to placate them<br />Lesser gentry could be in legislature but more often became justices of the peace<br />Running for Office<br />Legal requirements for running for office were hard to meet by most people<br />Most people weren’t wealthy enough to spare long periods of time away from the store/farm to go to the capital for meetings<br />So, wealthy families dominate<br />Suffrage<br />Must be white and male plus some other qualifications that varied<br />Sometimes land/wealth requirements<br />Participation in rural areas is low b/c people don’t want to travel to county seat to vote<br />Poor roads<br />Governors could schedule elections so elections were sporadic and sometimes rural people wouldn’t know they were being held<br />Sometimes elections were done orallyà people who disagree with elites don’t voice opinions<br />Elites would pre-arrange elections<br />Many people run unopposed<br />“running” for position was seen as un-gentleman-like<br />Rural people were pretty indifferent to politics<br />Some Mass. Towns refused to elect assembly so they wouldn’t have to pay for legislators’ expenses<br />Many elected candidates don’t take seats<br />Elections grow slowly<br />In time rural voters and urban voters express themselves more forcefully<br />Good political life in northern seaports<br />Colonists ally themselves for or against governor<br />Rival groups get non-elite support<br />Groups w/ governor fear that unleashing popular passions will lead to social disorder<br />New York has good political life<br />Governor William Cosby suspends political rival chief justice Lewis Morris for ruling against fim<br />Newspapers for Morris say Cosby and his council are corrupt<br />Newspapers for Governor accuse printer of New-York Weekly Journal (pro-Morris), Peter Zenger or libel<br />Zenger acquitted in trial<br />Attorney Andrew Hamilton had directly addressed juries on behalf of defendant, allowing them to decide<br />Uses truth of statements printed as evidence in libel case<br />Not sufficient evidence before<br />Zenger case doesn’t change press laws, but by empowering readers, nonelites, and jurors political power spreads to public life<br /><br />Enlightenment and Great Awakening<br />Great Awakening comes after Enlightenment so as a reaction to what ideas were<br />Enlightenment<br />Talk in salons<br />Discuss ideas<br />People have higher levels of culture<br />All about reason<br />Preserve of people who are educated and wealthy<br />Breeds backlash by the people aren’t educated and wealthy<br />Ordinary people don’t like disconnect of reason and reality<br />Great Awakening<br />Movement to religion<br />Attack materialism/corruption of clergy<br />Some New England ministers start revival of religion<br />Draws people attention to the idea of rampant sin<br />Enlightenment goes against sin<br />Original sin goes against Locke’s idea of a blank slate upon birth<br />Whitefield<br />Addresses people’s emotions<br />Shows them that they have abandoned God for rationalism<br />Need to feel their sin-liness<br />More people are experiencing God<br />Before, only people in cities with churches nearby could do religion<br />Used to also be a sign of wealth<br />Pew rentals—you had to buy your pew<br />Church was a sign of wealth<br />Movement says religion is for everyone<br />Ministers travel out to the rural areas to give religion<br />Introduced to slaves and Native Americans<br />Beginning of “black clergy”<br />Reverends in slave quarters have services<br />Don’t need a terrible amount of training<br />Revivalists start colleges of their own<br />Know that ministers need training and they won’t get it at the Old Light schools<br />Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth, Columbia (seminary)<br />U Penn is a secular university<br />Starts as the Philadelphia Philosophical Society<br />Started by Benjamin Franklin<br />Enlightenment school<br /><br />The Enlightenment<br />Intellectual movement<br />Greater literacy rate in New England b/c of Protestant support of education<br />More people are dabbling in a new world of ideas and information<br />Human intelligence is in an age of progress and optimism<br />Enlightenment ideas<br />Confidence in human reason<br />Skepticism of things not proven by science<br />Newton explains things<br />Benjamin Franklin<br />Moved from Boston to Philadelphia just as city was taking off<br />Meets people who share his intellectual zeal<br />Forms the Junto= reading discussion group<br />Help him get printing contracts<br />Prints Poor Richerd’s Almanack <br />Collection of proverbs<br />Gets enough money to retire<br />Works in science and community<br />2 goals are related—scienceà people live more comfortably (electricity for example)<br />Enlightenment centers are in cities<br />Ideas circulate<br />People make little intellectual groups<br />Franklin makes American Philosophical Society in 1743<br />Becomes an inter-colonial network of amateur scientists<br />Kind of like Royal Society in London<br />Link between Britain and colonies<br />Enlightenment people think thought filters from top down<br />Don’t trust common people, especially in religion<br />John Lock writes Essay Concerning Human Understandin g<br />Talks about “rational” religion<br />When Bible conflicts with reason, chose reason<br />Ideas are acquired through reflection on one’s own experience<br />Argument for a God= orderliness of nature<br />Called Diests—God created the perfect universe so he doesn’t readily intervene but lets it go according to nature<br />Most enlightenment thinkers say they are Christian but aren’t really<br />Fear religion’s excesses that lead people to persecute b/c of religious enthusiasm<br />People act out of emotion rather than piety<br />Locke says one can only be certain of their own existence<br />People skeptic of zealots and sectarians<br />Franklin says religion is good for developing virtue but isnt interested in “theological hair splitting”<br />Enlightenment ideas play a large role in American revolution and formation of the United States Government<br /><br />The Great Awakening<br />Many people’s lives are still hard<br />Diptheria epidemicà renewed religious fervor<br />Religious fervor would increase and then recede periodically<br />In 1739 there is a great outpouring of Protestatant revivalism<br />Called the “Great Awakening”<br />Embodies people’s enxiety about sin and longing for assurances of salvaiton<br />Charismatic preachers address these anxieties<br />Address the emotions of people in their sermons<br />Don’t talk so much about the intellectual side of theology<br />Revivalists<br />Show emptiness of material goods<br />Corruption of human hature<br />Fury of divine wrath<br />Johnathan Edwards leads a revival in Northampton, Massachusetts<br />Presbyterians William Tennet and Theodore Frelinghuysen also lead revivals<br />Most important revivalist is George Whitefield<br />Very good speaker—very persuasive<br />Inspires many to revive faith/join church<br />Divisions arise out of revivalist movement<br />New lights= revivalists<br />John Davenport and Gilbert Tennet<br />Say established clergy are “dead drones”<br />Tennet publishes “The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry”<br />They are criticizing foundations of social order<br />People don’t know who to trust<br />Old Lights<br />Establisehd clergy<br />Usually enlightenment thinkers<br />Saw New Lights as having the passion they were so worried about<br />Passion goes against rational thought<br />Say people mistake ravings and imagination for the experience of divine grace<br />Charles Chuancy= Boston’s leading congressionalists<br />Splits between old lights and new lights, esp. in Mass. And Connecticut<br />New lights imprisoned and face persecution<br />Have to keep paying tithes b/c old lights deny new light churches legal status<br />Connecticut makes laws to prevent New Lights from having marriages and expels many from legislature<br />New lights eventually win out<br />Effects of the Great Awakening (peaks in 1742/ 1755 in Virginia)<br />Decrease in power of Quakers, Anglicans, and Congressionalists<br />Thus, weakens idea of officially established denominations<br />Influence of Presbyterians and Baptists increases<br />New colleges built<br />New lights and old lights don’t want to study together<br />Make new colleges<br />Spread religious ideas beyond white society<br />Some Africans and native Americans like idea of piety over intellectual learningà incorporate some Christianity into their traditional culture<br />Beginnings of black Protestantism<br />New lights reach out to slaves<br />Some slaves even get to preach at revivalist meetings<br />Blacks and Indians are still persecuted though<br />Women get more religious prominence<br />Had long been used as examples of Christian piety<br />New Lights give them right to speak and vote in church meetings<br />Gain power like Anne Hutchinson did but don’t face persecution she did<br />Blurs denominational differences among Protestants<br />Whitefield= Anglican, but preaches with Presbyterians (Tennet and Davenport)<br />People emphasize need for salvation over tiny intricacies in practice<br />Emphasizes people’s common experiences and promotes coexistence of denominations<br />Great Awakening doesn’t inspire any revolution or political ideas<br />But does show people disagreeing with ideas of authority<br />Later evolves into revolution<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3607794527065722722-3112966089473486522?l=apushhistorynotes.blogspot.com'/></div>kimgohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00346752144300080841noreply@blogger.com0